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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʔlēƛă
Meaning: night
Comments and references : LV A1.
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔlēƛă
Meaning: night
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *riƛo Notes: The PTs form is a contraction of the deictic particle *ho- (q.v.) + the expected reflex *lɨL > *rɨL (*ho-lɨL > *hulL > *hũL). In PWC the specific cluster *ʔl- developped into *ƛ, with a regular strengthening before a long vowel; the resulting *ƛ:VʎV (where -ʎ- regularly < *-ƛ-) developed into *ƛ:Vʎ:V through assimilation. Although superficially the EC and WC forms are very different, they are no doubt genetically related. Trubetzkoy (1922, 239) incorrectly compares the PA root with Lezg. jif (which in reality goes back to PEC *ɦnić_wV q.v.).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *riƛo
Meaning: 1 night 2 at night
Avar: reʎé-da 2
Andian language: reʎo 1
Akhvakh: raƛa 1
Chamalal: jeʎa 1
Tindi: reʎa 1
Karata: reʎa 1
Botlikh: reha 1
Bagvalal: reʎa 1
Godoberi: reʎa 1
Comments: Cf. also Bagv. Kvan. reha, Tlond. relha, Akhv. Tseg. raʎe, Cham. Gig. reʎa. Tind. > Khv., Inkh. reʎa id.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *hũL
Meaning: yesterday
Tsezi: ħuʎ
Ginukh: huʎ / wuʎ
Khvarshi: hiʎ-χo (Radzhibov)
Inkhokvari: huni-ža
Bezhta: hũʎ (Tlad.)
Gunzib: hũl
Comments: PTsKh *hũL (Inkh. huni- < *hũli-); PGB *hũL (cf. also Bezht. Khosh. huʎ).
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: x:u
Meaning: night
Lak form: x:u
Comments: 4th class. Obl. base x:u-ni-. Historically this is most probably a result of reduction < *lVx:u (*lVʎ:u), cf. the archaic adverb lax:u 'yesterday'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔeʎ:a
Meaning: 1 evening 2 late
Rutul: ɨxǝ 2 (Khniukh.)
Tsakhur: ex:a 1
Archi: ʎ:e-t:u-t 2
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-arc,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *ƛ:Vʎ:V
Meaning: night
Abkhaz: á-c̣χ
Abaza: c̣χǝ
Adyghe: č́aš́ǝ
Kabardian: žaś
Ubykh: śǝśǝ́
Comments: PAT *cǝxǝ / *c̣ǝxǝ (cf. also Bz. á-cx, Abaz. (Гонов 1956) cǝχǝ); origin of the glottalised variant is not quite clear (all the related languages show no trace of glottalisation in this root). PAK *č:́aš:́ǝ́ (cf. Bzhed. č́aš:́ǝ). Ub. def. á-śǝś. In Ub. an assimilation has occurred: śǝśǝ < *ćǝśǝ. Otherwise the correspondences are quite regular and point to PWC laterals in both syllables.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rjak
Meaning: 24 hours, day / night
Tibetan: źag day, źogs morning.
Burmese: rak 24 hours, LB *rjakx night.
Kachin: jaʔ3 a day.
Lushai: riak (riaʔ) to stay the night.
Lepcha: ăjak 24 hours
Comments: Mantśati hrag 24 hours. Sh. 136; Ben. 48; Mat. 202.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 夕
Modern (Beijing) reading: xì
Preclassic Old Chinese: lhiak
Classic Old Chinese: lhiak
Western Han Chinese: lhiak
Eastern Han Chinese: zhiak
Early Postclassic Chinese: zhjek
Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhjek
Late Postclassic Chinese: zhjek
Middle Chinese: zjek
English meaning : evening
Russian meaning[s]: 1) вечер; вечером; ночью; 2) накануне; канун
Radical: 36
Four-angle index: 4149
Karlgren code: 0796 a-d
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *iɫhu-n
Meaning: 1 dark 2 night
Araban: iluñ 1
Bizkaian: illun 1
Gipuzkoan: illun 1
High Navarrese: ilun, illun 1, 2
Low Navarrese: ilhun 2, (Aldude) 1
Salazarese: ilun 1, 2
Lapurdian: ilhun 1
Aezkoan: ilun 1
Zuberoan: ǘllhün 1
Roncalese: ulún 1
Comments: The phonetic development may have been PSC *ƛēʔlV > (pre-Bsq) *liɫhu-n > Bsq *iɫhu-n, with a dissimilation of laterals attested in other cases.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-arb,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-azk,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : LVLV
Meaning : night
Afroasiatic : *lVyl- 'night' (Sem., Cush.)
African (misc.) : Bantu *-dáád- 'pass the night'.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-afr,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *lVlV
Meaning: night
Altaic: ? OT još 'twilight'
References: ND 1349 *ĺ/ḷayuĺ/ḷV 'to sleep; sleeping time'. Hegedűs 1990, 99 compares PU with PIE *alǝu̯os (Mann 14) and rather dubious SH and Kartv. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 149
Proto: *ilV
English meaning: evening
German meaning: Abend
Finnish: ilta 'Abend'
Mordovian: iĺät́ 'abends; Abend'
Khanty (Ostyak): itȧj (DN), ilȧ (O) 'Abend'
K. Reshetnikov's notes: Rédei doesn't accept the comparison with the Finn word: he rejects Collinder's hypothesis (presented in FUV) that historically il-ta is a partitive form of a word *ile-, which, in its turn, makes him repudiate this Finn etymology itself. However, even if Rédei is right denying the idea about the partitive, his final conclusion is premature, since the Finn word in question still may be a result of some derivational processes (cf., on the other hand, -t' in the Mord. cognate, which, true, is deemed to be identic with a productive temporal suffix).
References: FUV
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-mrd,uralet-khn,uralet-reshet,uralet-lit,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *lul-
Russian meaning: дремать, спать
English meaning: to dream, sleep
Georgian: lul-, rul-
Megrel: lur-, rul-
Laz: lir-
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 123, EWK 222.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *ńāḷ-
Meaning : night
Notes : Unexplainable shortness in Tamil; one should also note the feeble position of the root in SDR (dialectal Tamil form with unexplainable vowel shortness).
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-bra,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *naḷ-
Meaning : night
Tamil : naḷ
Tamil meaning : night
Number in DED : 3621
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *ńāḷ
Meaning : night
Kolami : āle
Naikri : āḷe
Naiki : ālen
Parji : nendu nal "midnight"
Additional forms : Also Kolami ālini in the morning; ālintanaṭ from morning; Naikri āṛeni early in the morning; Naiki arda ālen midnight; Parji āṇḍ- evening to come on; āṇḍek evening; in the evening; āṇḍpip- (āṇḍpit-) to make to become evening (i.e. stay until evening)
Number in DED : 3621
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-naikri,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-parji,kogaet-addition,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *nāḷ-
Meaning : night
Notes : The loss of retroflex articulation in PPM and PK is strange; it may be ascribed to the development *-ḷŋ- > *-lŋ-, or *-ḷʔ- > *-l/ʔ/-.
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-kon,gndet-pem,gndet-kui,gndet-notes,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : nāṛa
Meaning: (Sova dial.) night
Additional forms : Also Konda sir naṛŋe just early in the morning
Number in DED : 3621
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-addition,konet-dednum,
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Pengo-Manda etymology :
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Proto-Pengo-Manda : *nāl-aŋ
Meaning : night
Pengo : nāṇa
Manda : nālaŋ "darkness, night"
Additional Forms : Also Pengo nāṇaŋge, nāṛihiŋ early in the morning; Manda nālihiŋ early in the morning
Number in DED : 3621
pemet-meaning,pemet-prnum,pemet-pengo,pemet-manda,pemet-addition,pemet-dednum,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *nāl-ʔaŋ-
Meaning : night
Kui : nāḍangi
Khuttia Kui : ḍā'aŋa
Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : la'anga
Kuwi (Schulze) : lāanga
Sunkarametta Kuwi : la'aŋa
Parja Kuwi : la'a
Dongriya Kuwi : lāl'aŋa
Kuwi (Israel) : lāʔa
Additional forms : Also Kui ḍāangi night; nāḍisi morning
Number in DED : 3621
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-kuttia,kuiet-kuwi_f,kuiet-kuwi_s,kuiet-kuwi_su,kuiet-kuwi_p,kuiet-kuwi_d,kuiet-kuwi_isr,kuiet-addition,kuiet-dednum,
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Brahui etymology :
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Brahui : nan
Meaning : night
Number in DED : 3621
braet-meaning,braet-prnum,braet-dednum,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *lVk
Meaning: sleep
Proto-Austroasiatic: *lVk Austroasiatic meaning: sleep
Proto-Austronesian: *helek
Austronesian meaning: sleep
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *lVk
Meaning: sleep
Proto-Pearic: SON phic.C lak.C
Proto-Aslian: TEM sǝlɔg
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kmr,aaet-pear,aaet-asli,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: lɔk
Meaning: to sleep, be asleep
References: JP287
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-ref,
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