Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ŋĕkwɨ̆́

Meaning: to abuse, swear

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *nĕkwɨ̆ ( ~ -ɨ-,-ō-,-ǝ̆,-ă)

Sino-Tibetan: *ŋɨăkʷ

Basque: *naka-

Comments and references : LV A21.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *nĕkwɨ̆ ( ~ -ɨ-,-ō-,-ǝ̆,-ă)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: oath; to swear

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *nokʷo

Proto-West Caucasian: *kʷV

Notes: An interesting And.-WC isogloss; phonetically and semantically looks quite satisfactory.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *nokʷo

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 oath 2 song

Andian language: nokʷo 1

Akhvakh: nikʷa 1,2

Chamalal: nakʷa 1

Tindi: nakʷa 1

Karata: nakʷa 1

Bagvalal: nak:ʷa (Leksika)

Godoberi: nakʷa

Comments: The Bagv. recording (in Leksika 1971) is obviously faulty instead of nakʷa (the And. word is also spelled there as nok:o). Unclear is the vowel -i- in Akhvakh.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *kʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to swear 2 to dare

Abkhaz: a-kʷ-rá 1

Abaza: kʷ-ra 1

Adyghe: ja-kʷǝ-n 2

Kabardian: ja-kʷǝ-n 2

Ubykh: kʷa- 2

Comments: PAT *kʷǝ-; PAK *kʷǝ-; Ub. a-s-kʷá-n. See Shagirov 1, 173.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ŋɨăkʷ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: abuse, maltreat

Chinese: 虐 *ŋakʷ cruel, oppress, maltreat, 謔 *sŋakʷ to ridicule, to jest.

Tibetan: sŋog (p. bsŋogs, f. bsŋog, i. sŋogs) to vex, to annoy.

Burmese: ŋauk to use loud violent language in order to terrify.

Comments: Cf. also OCh. 頊 *sŋok disconcerted (Bod. 69).

Chinese characters :

Character: 虐

Modern (Beijing) reading: nüè

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋhakʷ

Classic Old Chinese: ŋhauk

Western Han Chinese: ŋhauk

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋhauk

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋhauk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋhak

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋhak

Middle Chinese: ŋak

English meaning : to coerce, oppress; be violent, tyrannical, coercive

Russian meaning[s]: 1) жестокий, бесчеловечный; мучить; 2) бедствие

Comments: For *ŋh- cf. Jianou ŋiɔ⁷, Meixian ńiɔk⁷.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 141

Four-angle index: 844

Karlgren code: 1118 a-b

Shijing occurrences: 55.3_

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 848

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 虐

MC description : 宕開三入藥疑

ZIHUI: 5707 0381

Beijing: nye 3

Jinan: ye 3

Xi'an: ńyo 11

Taiyuan: nyǝʔ 41

Hankou: nio 12

Chengdu: ńio 12

Yangzhou: niâʔ 4

Suzhou: ńia_ʔ 42

Wenzhou: ńia 42

Changsha: ńio 4

Shuangfeng: ńiû 12

Nanchang: ńiɔk 41

Meixian: ńiɔk 41

Guangzhou: jö_k 42

Xiamen: giɔk 42

Chaozhou: ŋiak 42

Fuzhou: ŋyɔʔ 42

Shanghai: ńiaʔ 42

Zhongyuan yinyun: niau 43

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *naka-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 mockery 2 repugnance, disgust 3 dirty, foul

Gipuzkoan: naga 2

High Navarrese: nakaitz 3

Low Navarrese: naka 1, nakaitz 3

Lapurdian: nakaitz 2

Comments: This comparison is somewhat dubious, since PSC *k normally corresponds to Bsq *h, also /g/ secondarily in southern dialects. Or is naka a contraction of *naha-ka?

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : NVKV

Meaning : to call, swear

Afroasiatic : *nug- (cf. also *nVyag-)

Sino-Caucasian : *ŋĕkwɨ̆

Amerind (misc.) : *(a)nik 'call' (R 109); *nik 'say' (R 604) [+ A K]

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nug-

Meaning: shout, cry

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *nug- 'cry'

Egyptian: ngg 'cry (of a goose)' (pyr)

East Chadic: *nVg- 'shout'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1308

Proto-Semitic: *nug-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cry'

Akkadian: nagāgu [-u-]

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ngg (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cry (of a goose)'

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *nVg-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'shout'

Sokoro: négi [Lk:47]

Total pages generated Pages generated by this script 67844 2296386	Help
StarLing database server Powered by CGI scripts Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin Copyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov