Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xq̇wárṭV̄

Meaning: to tie, belt

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *q̇_HwarṭV

Sino-Tibetan: *kʷāt ( ~ gʷ-)

Yenisseian: *guʔda

Comments and references : HGC 33, LV B17(differently: ST: NC *kʕwĕc̣(w)V̄); somewhat differently in NSC 56 *ḳwEtV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *q̇_HwarṭV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: belt; loop on belt, sheath

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇:ʷVṭV-lV

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇aṭa-RV

Proto-Dargwa: *q̇Iʷarṭ

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇Iʷa[r]ṭ-ol

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Most languages reflect the derived form with a *-ɫV-suffix; the pure stem is preserved only in Darg. (and possibly in Archi).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇ʷVṭV-lV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skein, hank, clew

Karata: q̇:oṭulu (Tok.)

Comments: Isolated in Kar., but having probable external parallels.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇aṭa-RV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: reel, spool

Ginukh: q̇aṭali

Comments: Attested only in Gin., but having probable external parallels.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *q̇Iʷarṭ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 pod 2 sheath

Akusha: q̇Iarṭ 1

Chiragh: q̇Iarṭale 2

Comments: Chir. q̇Iarṭale goes back to PD *q̇Iʷarṭa-lV 'sheath': cf. also Ak. q̇Iarṭala, Ur. q̇Iʷarṭala id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇Iʷa[r]ṭ-ol

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 belt 2 lace 3 braid

Lezghian: q̇ʷeṭel 2

Tabasaran: q̇Iʷaṭal 3

Agul: q̇Iaṭul 1

Kryz: q̇äṭɨl 2

Budukh: q̇olṭal 1

Comment: 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages. The medial resonant is not clear: Bud. seems to point to *-l- or *-r- (assimilated to the final -l), but other languages do not reflect any liquid. The stem is probably derived: cf. Arch. q̇Ieṭ 'a pleat in the upper part of trousers for inserting the belt' - although the vocalism in this form is not quite clear.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kʷāt ( ~ gʷ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tie, splice

Chinese: 括 *kʷāt to tie, bind; bring together, 佸 *kʷāt, gʷāt join.

Kachin: (H) buŋkhot to splice.

Chinese characters :

Character: 括

Modern (Beijing) reading: kuò guā

Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷāt

Classic Old Chinese: kwāt

Western Han Chinese: kwāt

Eastern Han Chinese: kwāt

Early Postclassic Chinese: kwāt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwāt

Late Postclassic Chinese: kwāt

Middle Chinese: kwât

English meaning : to bind, tie up, bring together

Russian meaning[s]: 1) включать, обнимать; 2) связывать, завязывать

Comments: Also read Mand. ā; regular Sino-Viet. is quát. In E.Chou also used for a homonymous *kʷāt 'end of an arrow'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 64

Four-angle index: 1304

Karlgren code: 0302 h

Vietnamese reading: guột

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 751

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 括

MC description : 山合一入末見

ZIHUI: 2161 0304

Beijing: khuo 3

Jinan: khuǝ 11

Xi'an: khuo 11

Taiyuan: khuaʔ 41; khuǝʔ 41

Hankou: kua 12

Chengdu: khue 12

Yangzhou: khuǝʔ 4

Suzhou: kuaʔ 41

Wenzhou: ko 41

Changsha: kua 4

Shuangfeng: kuɛ 12

Nanchang: khuɔt 41

Meixian: kuat 41

Guangzhou: khut 43

Xiamen: kuat 41

Chaozhou: khuaʔ 41

Fuzhou: khuaʔ 41

Shanghai: kuaʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: kuo 42

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *guʔda

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: girdle, strap, string

Ket: kuʔt, pl. kūŕeŋ¹ (Bak., Sur. kūdǝŋ¹) 'girdle'

Kottish: kūra, g. kūrei, pl. kūrakŋ "strap, string, belt"; Ass. kúra (М., Сл., Кл.) "string, strap"

Comments: ССЕ 229. Werner 1, 458 <*kuʔt>. The Kott. word, despite Werner's doubts, is a perfect phonetic and semantic match for Ket. kuʔt, and cannot be regarded as a Turkism (Turk. *Kur 'belt' fails to explain -a in Kott. kūra).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRTV

Meaning : tie, knot

Sino-Caucasian : *xq̇wárṭV̄

Austric : PAA *ga:t / *kat 'to tie up, knot', PAN *Rakut 'tie, bind'

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-kút- 'bind, wrap'.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kVt

Meaning: knot

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ga:t / *kat (also *kuat 'knot' 2597)

Austroasiatic meaning: to tie up, knot

Proto-Austronesian: *Rakut

Austronesian meaning: tie, bind

Austronesian code: 20:17

Proto-Thai: ga:t to tie up; kho:t knot

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: kVt

Meaning: knot

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: kho:t knot

Proto-Katuic: EK *kuat

Proto-Bahnaric: WB *kuat

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *kuat

Meaning: twist and tie

Presyllable: #/ʔǝN-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *kuat

References: TK16.55

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *kuat

Meaning: twist and tie

Presyllable: #/ʔǝN-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: kuat.T

Pakoh meaning: to tie a knot

Lao Katu: kuat

Lao Katu meaning: to tie

Ngeq: kuat

Ngeq meaning: knot

Chatong: kuat

Kantu dialects: ʔiko:t

Dakkan dialects (1): ŋkuʌt

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *kuat

Meaning: knot

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Bahnaric: *kuat

Harak: kuǝt, kakuǝt

References: TB17.45, TB18.17

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *kuat

Meaning: knot

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: k<n>uat

Jaru meaning: to knot; TL: kuǝt to tie a knot

Lavi: kuǝt V?

Juk: kuǝt

Nhaheung form: cɛh nnuat

Nhaheung meaning: tuft of rice

Brao form: kuat

Brao meaning: knot

References: JS-501

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric:

Meaning: knot

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: cakuat

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *kuat, cǝ-

Meaning: knot

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: kuǝt, kakuǝt < KT

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