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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *ʔòŋ (//*g-òŋ)
Meaning: I
Sunwar: go
Tulung: go
Kaling: uŋ
Comments: Toba 91 *ko.
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-dum,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: aNga
Grammar: pro.
Meaning: I, me.
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,
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Dumi dictionary :
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Entry: aN
Grammar: pro.
Meaning: I, me.
dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: kɔN
Grammar: pron.
Meaning: I
Nepali: ma.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: ka
Grammar: pron.
Meaning: first person singular, I
Comments: käʔ ergative.
yamet-prnum,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-comments,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ŋā-
Meaning: I, we
Tibetan: ŋa I, we, ŋan we (C), ŋed I, we, (d)ŋos I, we, self, ŋaŋ-ma self, own
Burmese: ŋa I, LB *ŋa.
Kachin: ŋai1 I.
Lushai: ŋei self, KC *ŋei.
Lepcha: kă I
Comments: BG: Garo aŋ, Bodo ŋa; Moshang, Namsangia ŋa; PG *ŋa; Trung ŋa2; Kham ŋā; Kaike ŋā. Simon 13; Sh. 36, 62, 123, 429; Ben. 65, 93; Luce 2; Peiros-Starostin 217. A compound form *kă-ŋā- (for the first part see *k(j)ǝ̆- this, he) probably gave rise to a number of nasalless forms: cf. PK *gòŋ (opposed to *ʔòŋ just like *gìnä thou is opposed to *ʔìnä id.); Karen *khV I; Tib. kho-bo I, me; Miju ki I; Kanauri gö I; Lush. ka me, my, kei myself; Dhimal ka, Mantshati gye, Chamba-Lahuli ge I (see Sh. 133), Lepcha kă. stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 我
Modern (Beijing) reading: wǒ ě
Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋhājʔ
Classic Old Chinese: ŋhā́j
Western Han Chinese: ŋhā́j
Eastern Han Chinese: ŋhǟ́
Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋhā́
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋhā́
Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋhā́
Middle Chinese: ŋấ
Fanqie: 莪可
Rhyme class: 哿
English meaning : I, we; my, our (inclusive, according to Yakhontov)
Russian meaning[s]: 1) я, мой; мы, наш; 2) свой, своя сторона (в противоположность, например, врагу); 3) личный, частный; эгоистический; 4) Э (фамилия)
Shuowen gloss: 施身自謂也. 或說. 我頃頓也. 從戈. 從{我}. {我}或說. 古垂字. 一曰. 古殺字. 凡我之屬皆從我.
Comments: The form 吾 *ŋhāʔ (a later subjective/objective counterpart of 我) is still used very rarely during Early Zhou; several times there occurs also an emphatic form ご *ŋhāŋ "I for my part". Initial *ŋh- is suggested here by archaic Min forms: Chaozhou ua3, Jianou ŋuoi8 // uɛ8 (see ROCP 126).
Radical: 62
Four-angle index: 6767
Karlgren code: 0002 a-g
Jianchuan Bai: ŋo3
Dali Bai: ŋo3
Bijiang Bai: ŋo2
Shijing occurrences: 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 10.2, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 17.2, 17.3, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 23.3, 26.1, 26.2, 26.3, 27.3, 27.4, 28.3, 29.1, 29.2, 29.4, 30.1, 30.2, 31.1, 31.2, 32.2, 33.1, 33.2, 33.3, 34.4, 35.2, 35.3, 35.5, 35.6, 39.4, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 41.1, 41.2, 41.3, 42.1, 42.2, 45.1, 45.2, 48.1, 48.2, 48.3, 49.1, 49.2, 54.1, 54.2, 54.4, 58.1, 58.2, 58.4
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-fanqie,bigchina-rhyme,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 394
Character: 我
MC description : 果開一上哿疑
ZIHUI: 2053 0316
Beijing: uo 2
Jinan: uǝ 2
Xi'an: ŋô 2
Taiyuan: ŋǝ 2
Hankou: ŋo 2
Chengdu: ŋo 2
Yangzhou: o 2
Suzhou: ŋǝu 32
Wenzhou: ŋ 22
Changsha: ŋo 2
Shuangfeng: ŋû 2
Nanchang: ŋo 2
Meixian: ŋo 11
Guangzhou: ŋɔ 22
Xiamen: ŋɔ̃ 2 (lit.); gua 2
Chaozhou: ua 21
Fuzhou: ŋɔ 2 (lit.); ŋuai 2
Shanghai: ŋou 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: uo 2
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ŋV
Meaning: I
Comments and references : HGC 20, NSC 64 *ŋV. See also *mi(nV) 'self'; ND *na-xʷa- 'we'. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *nɨ̆
Meaning: I (1st pers. pronoun)
Notes: A Lak-Darg. isogloss. The etymology is not very reliable, because the forms are very isolated, and do not fit into the paradigm of the 1st person pronoun reconstructed on other evidence (see *zō). If we compare the paradigm of the 1st p. pr. in Dargwa dialects, it becomes probable that PD *nu is a secondary development < *du (or, possibly, *du-n, cf. PL *zon): cf. Ak. nom. nu, erg. nuni, dat. nab vs. Chir. nom. du, erg. di-c:e, dat. damī. Still, PD *nu- in the 1st p. plural *nu-š:a stays unexplained, as well as Lak. na (also < *da-n or *t:a-n, cf. the obl. stem t:u- ?).
An etymological possibility would be to consider the morpheme *nɨ̆ as originally a collective plural pronoun: cf. its use in PD *nu-s:a 'we' (exclusive), *nu-x:a 'we' (inclusive), *nu-š:a 'you (plur.)', quite parallel to Av. ni-ž, ni-ƛ: and nu-ž. Its usage in the 1st person plural could have influenced the 1st person singular in Lak. and Darg., and this influence was strengthened by a chance of secondary nasalisation (e. g. PD *nu < *du-(n)).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: na
Meaning: I (1st p.pr.)
Lak form: na
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *nu
Meaning: I 1 we 2
Akusha: nu 1, nu-ša 2
Chiragh: nus:a 2
Comments: Cf. also Ur., Muir. nu 'I', nu-ša 'we', Tsud. ni-š:a, Kait., Kub. ni-s:a 'we'.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *b- (*ʔab-)
Meaning: my (attr.)
Ket: āp (Bak., Sur. ābǝ1, Kur. āvǝ1)
Yug: ap
Kottish: m-inšo
Arin: b(i)-
Comments: ССЕ 205. Kott. m-inšo < *b-inšo with a regular assimilation *b- > m- before a nasal. In Ket and Yug cf. also ba- / bo- 'morpheme of the 1st person in verb forms'. In Arin the marker is attested in kinship terms: bi-q́aŕat '(my) husband', bi-ḱal '(my) son', bi-ḱaĺa '(my) daughter', bi-qam-alte '(my) wife', be-kib '(my) grandfather' etc.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *a-
Meaning: I, 1st p. s. pronominal prefix
Yasin: a-
Hunza: a-
Nagar: a-
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *ni
Meaning: I
Araban: ni
Bizkaian: ni
Gipuzkoan: ni
High Navarrese: ni
Low Navarrese: ni
Salazarese: ni
Lapurdian: ni
Baztanese: ni
Aezkoan: ni
Zuberoan: ni
Roncalese: ni
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-arb,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-azk,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : NV
Meaning : 1st p. pron.
Amerind (misc.) : *na(ʔ) 'I' (R 386) [+ A K]; *ʔi 'I' (R 387) [+ A K] African (misc.) : Bantu *-né 'I, me'. Cf. Macro-Khoisan *ŋ~*n "I". Notes : Austr. *ʔVj : Amer. *ʔi - a different root?
Reference : ND 47, 1526; GE 100 'we (exclusive)'. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-afr,globet-notes,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ŋV
Meaning: 1st person pronoun (exclusive?)
Dravidian: ? *njā- 'I, we'
References: ND 1526 *n̄V 'we (excl.)'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-esk,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *ne-, *nō-, *n-ge-, *n-sme-
Meaning: pron. pers. 1 pl./du.
Hittite: anzas 'uns' (D., Akk.), -nas 'uns' (Dat., Akk.) (Tischler 39, Friedrich 149)
Old Indian: du. nāu; encl. naḥ; a- in a-smā-
Avestan: encl. nǝ̄, nɔ̄, nō; ahma; poss. ahma-; gath. dual. nā
Other Iranian: OPers amāxam
Old Greek: nṓ; lesb. ámme, dor. hāmé; hǟméas, hǟmā̃s, hǟmẹ̄̃s; poss. lesb. ámmo-, dor, hāmó-; poss. hǟmétero-
Latin: nōs 'wir; uns'
Celtic: OIsl pl. gen. nār; Ir ni usw., gen. ar n-, Cymr, Corn, Bret ni, ny 'wir'
Albanian: nom. nam gen., dat., acc. ne
Russ. meaning: 1 мн.
References: WP II 320
piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-iran,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-alb,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: ны
Near etymology: "нас", только др.-русск. ны, ст.-слав. ны, болг. ни, др.-сербск. ни, сербохорв. диал. ни, др.-чеш. nу, вин. мн.
Further etymology: Родственно авест. nå, вин. мн., алб. nē (из *nōs), род., дат. мн., лат. nōs, греч. νώ (=др.-русск., ст.-слав. вин. дв. на); с др. вокализмом: и.-е. *n̥s в гот. uns "нас" (Вондрак, Vgl. Gr. 2, 73; Младенов 356; Траутман, ВSW 200; Вальде--Гофман 2, 175 и сл.). Наряду с этим: и.-е. *nоs в др.-инд. энклит. nas, хетт. nаš "нас", тохар. А nās, алб. nа.
Pages: 3,91
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *nō-
Meaning: we (dual.)
Lithuanian: nuodu acc. du. 'uns beide' (Šiauliai)
Old Prussian: noūson gen., dat. noūmans 'wir'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-oprus,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *un-s (pl.), *un-k (du.)
Meaning: pron. pers. 1 pl., du.
Gothic: uns, unsis dat., acc.; du. uŋkis
Old Norse: oss dat., acc.; du. okk
Swedish: oss dat., acc.
Old English: ūs dat., ūsic, ūs acc.
English: us
Old Saxon: unk
Middle Dutch: ons dat., acc.
Dutch: ons dat., acc.
Middle Low German: ūs, ūsik dat., akk.
Old High German: uns dat., unsih acc.
Middle High German: uns dat., acc., unsich acc.
German: uns dat., acc.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-swed,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ŋa
Meaning: 1st person pronoun (oblique stem?)
Russian meaning: мест. 1-го лица (косв. основа?)
Comments: SKE 156, АПиПЯЯ 296. The root serves as oblique stem in Mong., which may have been its original function; traces of it may be also discovered in OJ, see above. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-mong,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *na-m-
Meaning: 1st Sg. ps. pronoun (obl. cases)
Russian meaning: мест. 1-го лица (в косв. пад.)
Written Mongolian: nad-, namaji (Poppe, 1955)
Middle Mongolian: nad-, namaj (IM), nid-, nad-, namaj (MA) Khalkha: nad-, namaj(g)
Buriat: nam-, namā(ji)
Kalmuck: nan-, namǟ(g)
Ordos: nada, namǟ
Dongxian: (na)ma-, nami
Baoan: nād-
Monguor: nd-
Mogol: nan-, namɛi (Acc.).
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-mgr,monget-mogh,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *nà
Meaning: I
Russian meaning: я
Modern Korean: na
Middle Korean: nà
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *a-
Meaning: 1st p. pron.
Russian meaning: местоим. 1 лица
Old Japanese: a-
Comments: This pronoun (as shown, e.g. in Itabashi 1998) could have been used parallelly with wa-, but differed in that it could participate in compounds (like a-se 'my spouse', a-duma 'my wife' etc.), which was impossible for wa. This may indicate that the original function of *a was 'oblique stem of the 1st p. pr.'. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-comments,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *naj
Russian meaning: мы
English meaning: we
Svan: näj
Notes and references: В ОСНЯ 1, 7 основа сопоставляется с ПИЕ *ne- / *nō- 'мы', драв. *nām 'мы'; ср. аналогично Бомхард 1996, 201.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-sva,kartet-notes,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *vi sg., *va(ŋ)- pl.
Meaning: pers. pron 1sg. "I", 1pl. "we"
Russian meaning: личн. мест. 1 ед. "я", 1 мн. "мы"
Comments: The Sirenik forms with initial m- may reflect the oblique case stem *mVŋ-, or may represent a secondary development (*v- > m-) before the nasal consonant in the begining of the second syllable.
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 383
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-newcom,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *vi (-ŋa), *vaŋ-ku-ta
Meaning: pers. pron 1sg. "I", 1pl. "we"
Russian Meaning: личн. мест. 1 ед. "я", 1 мн. "мы"
Sirenik: mǝ́ŋa 1sg., mǝ́-kǝta 1pl.
Chaplino: xwáŋa 1sg., xwáŋ-kuta 1pl.
Naukan: wi 1sg., wáŋ-kuta 1pl.
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: w_ī̆ 1sg., w_aŋ-kuta 1pl., w_aŋ-kunuk 1du.
Chugach (Birket-Smith): xwi 1sg., xwaŋ-kuta 1pl.
Central Alaskan Yupik: w_ī, w_īŋa 1sg., w_aŋ-kuta 1pl.
Chevak (Peripheral): wī, wīŋa 1sg., waŋ-kuta 1pl.
Nunivak (Peripheral): hwi*, kwiŋa*, kʷī, kʷīŋa 1sg., kʷaŋ-kuta, waŋ-kuta* 1pl., kʷaŋ-kuk, waŋ-kuɣunux* 1du.
Norton Sound (Peripheral): wī, wīŋa 1sg., waŋ-kuta 1pl.
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 383
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-sir,yupet-chap,yupet-nauk,yupet-aay,yupet-chgm,yupet-cay,yupet-chev,yupet-nun,yupet-nrts,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *ụvą-ŋa, *ụvạ-ŋ/ɣu-t
Meaning: pers. pron 1sg. "I", 1pl. "we"
Russian meaning: личн. мест. 1 ед. "я", 1 мн. "мы"
Seward Peninsula Inupik: uaŋa 1sg., uaɣut 1pl.
SPI Dialects: W wąŋa* 1sg., waɣuk* 1du., waɣut* 1pl.
North Alaskan Inupik: uvaŋa 1sg., uvaɣut 1pl.
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl uvąŋa* 1sg., uvaɣuk* 1du., uvaɣut* 1pl., Unk wāŋa 1sg., wāɣut 1pl.
Western Canadian Inupik: uvaŋa 1sg., uvaɣut 1pl.
WCI Dialects: Cor, M uvąŋa* 1sg., uvaɣuk* 1du., uvaɣut* 1pl.
Eastern Canadian Inupik: uvaŋa (uvaqa 'me, myself') 1sg., uvaɣut 1pl.
ECI Dialects: Tar uvaʁa [Dor.] 1sg.
Greenlandic Inupik: uaŋa (uvanga*) (uālu 'me too') 1sg., uaɣut 1pl.
GRI Dialects: EG uaʁ̃a 1sg., uaŋit 1pl.
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 383
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-wcis,inupet-eci,inupet-ecis,inupet-gri,inupet-gris,inupet-ced,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔan-
Meaning: deictic element in 1st and 2d p. sing. and 1 p. plur. excl.
Notes: See ND 47; also adding Eg. i'n 'particle introducing the focalized nominal subject in a cleft sentence'.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-notes,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *NV
Meaning: I
Austroasiatic meaning: I, me
Miao-Yao parallels: *ʔja (Yao)
Proto-Austronesian: *ŋau (Oc.) I
Proto-Thai: ʔa:j.C I (Isan?)
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-myao,austr-an,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ʔVń / *ʔVj
Meaning: I,me
Thai: ʔa:j.C I (Isan?)
Proto-Khmu: *ʔǝń
References: VHL 402; S-24
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,aaet-pear,aaet-mon,aaet-kmu,aaet-asli,aaet-bib,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *ʔVń
Meaning: I,me
Bahnar: ʔiń
Bahnar meaning: I, me
Proto-South Bahnaric: *ʔań References: SBS-785, SBS-199
banet-meaning,banet-prnum,banet-bah,banet-bahme,banet-sob,banet-refer,
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South Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-South Bahnaric: *ʔań ? < KMR
Meaning: I,me
Chrau form: ʔań, ʔiń
Chrau meaning: I, me
Stieng form: ʔań
Stieng meaning: I, me
References: SBS-199
sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-chr,sobet-chrme,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: ʔɔ:ń
Old Khmer: ʔań
Old Khmer Meaning: I,me
kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,
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Pearic etymology :
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Proto-Pearic: *ʔiń.N
Meaning: I, me
Presyllable: #
Chong: ʔiń.A
Chong meaning: I, me, oneself
Song: ʔiń.A
Song meaning: I, me
Kasong: ʔiń.A
Kasong meaning: I
Samre: ʔiń.A
Samre meaning: I, me
Suoi Kompong: ʔań
pearet-meaning,pearet-prpr,pearet-prnum,pearet-chng,pearet-chngme,pearet-song,pearet-songme,pearet-kas,pearet-kasme,pearet-smr,pearet-smrme,pearet-skm,
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Monic etymology :
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Proto-Monic: *ʔǝj / *ʔwǝj
Meaning: I,me
Presyllable: #
Modern Mon: ʔaj
Old Mon: ʔej
Middle Mon: ʔej
Nyakur: wɛj.L
Nyakur meaning: I
References: N263; S-24
monet-meaning,monet-prpr,monet-prnum,monet-word,monet-om,monet-mm,monet-tc,monet-tcme,monet-bib,
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Aslian etymology :
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Proto-Aslian: *ʔǝń
Meaning: i,
Semelai: ʔǝń
Semoq Beri: ʔǝń
Semai: ʔɛń
asliet-prnum,asliet-meaning,asliet-sml,asliet-ber,asliet-smi,
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