Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *sèm (*sèm-mǝŋ)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: dream

Tulung: sema (aug. for ŋīma dream)

Kaling: semö

Limbu: sepmāŋ dream

Dumi: sjemma

Kulung: sēmɔ̄

Yamphu: semmaŋ

Comments: Toba 89 *semö. One can also not exclude *sèn-mǝŋ (see *sènV night).

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: sɛpmaN

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: dream

Comments: vide ma:kmaʔ.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: syemma

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: dream; vision

Derivation: [< syennɨ vt-4 'look'] [?]

Comments: cf. hodɨ, lemma.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: se:mɔ:

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: dream

Nepali: sapanā.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: semmaŋ

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: dream.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *chĭmH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sleep, fall asleep; darkness

Chinese: 寢 *chimʔ lie down to sleep.

Tibetan: gzim fall asleep, to sleep.

Burmese: LB *C-cam cloud

Kachin: (H) niŋcam, ncam heavy fog.

Lushai: thim be dark, benighted, thīm be dull.

Kiranti: *sèm

Comments: Simon 23; Sh. 136, 143; Coblin 134.

Chinese characters :

Character: 寢

Modern (Beijing) reading: qǐn

Preclassic Old Chinese: shimʔ

Classic Old Chinese: shím

Western Han Chinese: shjǝ́m

Eastern Han Chinese: shjǝ́m

Early Postclassic Chinese: shjím

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shjím

Late Postclassic Chinese: shjím

Middle Chinese: chjim

English meaning : to lie down, sleep; a closed room or apartment; living quarters

Russian meaning[s]: 1) спать; лежать; спальня; 2) внутренние покои; внутреннее помещение храма предков; 3) останавливать, прекращать; 4) безобразный

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 6041

Karlgren code: 0661 f-j

Jianchuan Bai: chɛ̃1

Dali Bai: cher1

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1805

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 寢

MC description : 深開三上寢清

ZIHUI: 1392 2134

Beijing: ćhin 2

Jinan: ćhiẽ 2

Xi'an: ćhiẽ 2

Taiyuan: ćhiŋ 2

Hankou: ćhin 2

Chengdu: ćhin 2

Yangzhou: ćhĩ 2

Suzhou: chin 2

Wenzhou: chaŋ 21

Changsha: chin 2

Shuangfeng: ćhin 2

Nanchang: ćhin 2

Meixian: chim 2

Guangzhou: čham 21

Xiamen: chim 2

Chaozhou: chim 21

Fuzhou: chiŋ 2

Shanghai: chiŋ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: chiǝm 2

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HV́wsVn

Meaning: to sleep

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=Vws_Vn

Sino-Tibetan: *chĭmH ( ~ -ĕ-)

Yenisseian: *xuʔs-

Burushaski: *daŋ

Comments and references : HGC 22, WFR 136. Some confusion with *ɦ[ć_]winV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=Vws_Vn

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to sleep, to dream

Proto-Nakh: *-abs- (~-ā-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *s:ʷV-

Proto-Tsezian: *-Vs- (~-s:-)

Proto-Dargwa: *=is:Vn-/*=us:(Vn)-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔ[a]s(:)ʷɨn-

Proto-West Caucasian: *sV ( ~ *šV)

Notes: A common NC verb stem with good consonantal correspondences; there is not enough evidence to do a precise vocalic reconstruction.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *-abs- (~-ā-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fall asleep

Chechen: tħ-ows-

Ingush: tħ-ajs-

Comments: For the first part of the compound see PN *tōħ-.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *s:ʷV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: doze, slumber

Avar: s:ʷá-d-

Chadakolob: se-n-ƛ̣:é-

Comments: Isolated in Av. (stem 2), but having reliable external parallels. For the 2d part -ƛ̣e- in Chad. see PA *ƛ̣:in-.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *-Vs- (~-s:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sleep

Khvarshi: ƛ-es-

Comments: Attested only in Khvarsh., but having probable external parallels. For the initial ƛ- see PTs *-ɨ̃ƛ-.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=is:Vn-/*=us:(Vn)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to sleep

Akusha: us-es

Chiragh: ke=is:Vn-/=ils:

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =is(n)-/=ils- 'lie down', dur. =us- 'sleep'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔ[a]s(:)ʷɨn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to sleep 2 to lie

Lezghian: k-su- 1

Tsakhur: q:-a=san- 1

Udi: bas-k:es 2

Comment: The Tsakh. word is from the Mishlesh dialect. Cf. also Lezg. pret. k-su-na.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *sV ( ~ *šV)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to dream, slumber

Abkhaz: a-č̌a-r-sǝ́s-ra

Abaza: čʷa-sǝs-ra

Ubykh: -sa-

Comments: PAT *sǝsǝ ( ~ *śǝśǝ - the Bzyb. form is unknown). In the first part of the compound - PAT *cʷa 'dream' (q.v.); cf. also other compounds in Abkh.: a-χǝ-r-sǝs-ra 'to slumber' (perhaps the non-reduplicated form can be extracted from a-χǝ-r-q̇ʷǝ-s-ra id.). Ub. 1p. s. sǝ-sá-n.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *xus-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to sleep

Ket: uśen⁵ (Kur. uśn⁵)

Yug: usan⁵

Kottish: uča, *utča "putting to bed, sleep"; učākŋ, *utčākŋ "to lie down, sleep", praet. učolōkŋ, imp. učālček

Arin: kus (М., Сл., Кл., Срсл.) "to sleep"; (Лоск.) kuspaja "I sleep"

Pumpokol: útu (Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "to sleep"

Comments: ССЕ 298-299. Pump. (Срсл.) usan 'sleep' is in reality a Yug form. Werner 2, 359 <*usǝ / *ut'ǝ>.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *daŋ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: sleep

Yasin: daŋ

Hunza: daŋ

Nagar: daŋ

Comments: Kho. daŋ

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVNV

Meaning : night, sleep

Eurasiatic : *ʒ́iNV

Afroasiatic : *wisan- ~ *sawin- 'sleep'; *zVHn- 'night, sleep'

Sino-Caucasian : *HV́wsVn

Reference : ND 2076 (possibly 2 roots).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *zVNV

Meaning: night, sleep

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *si̯ono ( ~ z-)

Kartvelian: *ʒ́in-

Dravidian: *cint-

Eskimo-Aleut: *cinǝɣ-

References: Долгопольский 1972, 167. Cf. also PA *ǯi̯ṑŋè 'dream, echo'; PK *zm- 'dream' (?) [see *zVm(ŋ)V]. ND 2076 *śi/üNV(-kV) 'dark, night' (Alt., dub. IE + SH); 2737 *ʒiħNV 'to lie down, sleep' (Kartv. + SH).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *si̯ono ( ~ z-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: night

Russian meaning: ночь

Mongolian: *söni

Tungus-Manchu: *siŋkē

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *söni

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: night

Russian meaning: ночь

Written Mongolian: söni (L 732)

Middle Mongolian: sueni (HY 5, SH), suni (IM), suni (MA)

Khalkha: šönö

Buriat: hüni

Kalmuck: sȫ, sȫn

Ordos: söni, sönö

Dongxian: šieni

Baoan: sone

Dagur: suni (Тод. Даг. 164, MD 213)

Shary-Yoghur: sȫnǝ

Monguor: soni (SM 353)

Mogol: süni; ZM sāni (19-7a)

Comments: KW 335.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *siŋkē

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dark night

Russian meaning: темная ночь

Evenki: siŋkē

Even: hiŋku

Negidal: siŋkelten

Orok: sikkew, sikkelte

Udighe: siŋkeu- 'to shine (of full moon)' (Корм. 286)

Comments: ТМС 2, 91.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ʒ́in- / *ʒ́il-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: спать

English meaning: to sleep

Georgian: ʒin- 'to sleep', ʒil- 'sleep (n.)'

Megrel: (n)ǯir-

Megrel meaning (Rus.): ложиться, спать

Megrel meaning (Eng.): to go to sleep, to sleep

Laz: ǯin- 'to go to sleep'; (n)ǯir- 'to sleep', ǯir- 'sleep (n.)'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 238, EWK 489-490. Форму *ʒ́in- Долгопольский (1972, 167) сравнивает с драв. *čin-tV 'ночь, вечер', монг. *söni 'ночь' < ностр. *ʒiNV.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *cint- (??)

Meaning : evening

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *cint-

Notes : A PKG isogloss.

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *cint-

Meaning : evening

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : sittenāṭluŋ "in the evening"

Kolami (Setumadhava Rao) : cintevelā

Naikri : śitte

Parji : citta "night"

Number in DED : 2528

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *cinǝɣ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to sleep

Russian meaning: спать

Proto-Inupik: *cinǝɣ-

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 80

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *cinǝ̣ɣ- (*cǝ̊niɣ-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to sleep 1, sleep 2

Russian meaning: спать 1, сон 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: sinik- 1, sinŋuziq 'night dress'

SPI Dialects: Imaq sinɨ́qtoq* 1, W sünik* 2

North Alaskan Inupik: sińɨk- 1

NAI Dialects: B sińik* 2, Ingl sinik* 2

Western Canadian Inupik: sinik- 1

WCI Dialects: Cor x́inik* 2, M sinik* 2

Eastern Canadian Inupik: sinik- 1

ECI Dialects: Iti siŋŋatuq 'sleeping pill'

Greenlandic Inupik: siniɣ- 1, siŋŋusiq 'night dress', sinnaʁtuʁ- 'to oversleep', siŋŋanīʁ- 'to surprise in one's sleep', sinik* 2 [Jen.]

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 80, 81

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wisan- ~ *sawin-

Meaning: sleep, dream

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *wVšVn- 'to sleep' ~ *ši/un(-at)- 'sleep, dream'

Egyptian: (?) wsn (Gr) 'impregnate, engender'

Western Chadic: *wasin- ~ *sawnin- 'to sleep' 1, 'to dream' 2

Central Chadic: *wisan- ~ *si(wa)n- 'to sleep' 1, 'to dream' 2

East Chadic: *suwin- 'to dream' 1, 'dream' (n.) 2

Saho-Afar: *son- 'dream' (n.)

Warazi (Dullay): *šann- 'to lie, repose'

Notes: Cf. Bla Review 507.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1217

Proto-Semitic: *wVšVn- 1, ~ *ši/un(-at)- 'sleep, dream' 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: to sleep 1, ' ~ 'sleep, dream' 2

Akkadian: šittu (<*šintu) 'sleep (n.)' OB, SB [CAD š 3 140], [AHw 1252]; also šuttu (<*šuntu) 'dream (n.)' OA, OB on [CAD š3 405], [AHw 1292-1293]

Eblaitic: si-tum, šit-t-um (sic!) [KB deutsch 1479] (apud Fronzaroli)

Ugaritic: yšn [Aist 137-138], šnt 'Schlaf' [ibid.]

Hebrew: yšn (ḳal) [KB 447], šēnā 'Schlaf' [KB deutsch 997]

Aramaic: BIB suff. šint- 'Schlaf' [KB deutsch 1794], SAMAL šnh do. [HJ 1155]

Judaic Aramaic: šēntā, šēnā, šintā; šǝnā (šäntā) 'sleep' (n.) [Ja 1564], [Sok 560]

Syrian Aramaic: šentā 'somnus' [Brock 789]

Mandaic Aramaic: šinta 'sleep' [DM 462]

Arabic: wsn 'être endormi d'un profond sommeil; être dans son premier somme; sommeiller' [BK 1 1538], sinat-, wasnat-, wasanat- 'envie de dormir, somnolence; sommeil profond; premier somme', wasan- 'sommeil profond' [ibid. 1539]

Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB s₁nt 'sleep' [SD 163]

Mehri: šǝnēt 'sleep (n.)' [JM 432]

Jibbali: s̃ónút 'sleep' [JJ 293]

Harsusi: šenēt 'sleep' [JH 124]

Soqotri: šínoh 'heure de la nuit' [LS 419]; míšin 'lieu où l'on dort' [LS 252]

Notes: The verb attested only in UGR, HBR and ARB may be as well a secondary denominal formation from *šin-at- {} *sin-at- 'sleep' occuring in all SEM except ETH.

    Note, however, GEZ ʔaswana 'to yawn, gape' [LGz 520], with a possible meaning shift (united by Leslau with ʔaswana 'to cause to separate, make dissolve, make urinate' with no obvious semantic connections).

    [Fr 38]: *wašin- 'addormentato', *šin-at- 'sonno' (ESA, ARB, SYR, HBR, UGR, AKK); [KB 447]: HBR, AKK, ESA, ARB, SOQ (erroneously quoted as sinoh); [KB deutsch 1497]: HBR, ARM, EBL, AKK, SAB, ARB; [Brock 789]: SYR, HBR, AKK, ARB; [LS 252]: SOQ, MSA, HBR, AKK, ARB, SAB

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: (?) wsn (Gr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'begatten, erzeugen'

Notes: EG I 359. A meaning shift 'sleep' > 'sleep with a woman' > 'impregnate'?

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *wasin- ~ *sawnin- (cf. 137)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to sleep' 1, 'to dream' 2

Bolewa: ʔi-súnná 2

Karekare: súunà 2

Kifri=Giwo: súnnà 2

Warji: ussanna 1

Kariya: sǝ́nàsán1

Miya: sǝ́nàsǝ́nò1

Pa'a: assinnu 1

Siri: sunni, swǝ́nì, súnsùní 1

Mburku: sǝn- 1

Guruntum: suni 2

Bokos: sunàt 2

Daffo-Butura: sunan 2

Ngizim: sáunú 2

Notes: [CLR: 108; 298]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *wisan- ~ *si(wa)n- (cf.N 952*sVn-/*sVʔ/wVn- )

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to sleep' 1, 'to dream' 2

Logone: Kotoko wísàn, ʔǝysaŋ 1, súwáné 2 (noun)

Musgu: wẹ́sẹŋ 1 [CLR]

Notes: [CLR 108-9, 299].

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *suwan-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: ' dream' (v.) 1, (n.) 2

Somrai: sǝ́n 1 [CLR:109]

Lele: sōn 1 [Grg]

Kabalai: suwǝ́n 1 [Cp]

Kera: sɔ́ɔné 1 [Eb]

Kwang: so:n-dé 2 [CLR: 109]

Dangla: sóònè 1 [Fd]

Jegu: suun- 1 [CLR]

Mubi: súnɔ̀ 1 [Lk]

Birgit: sóonà 2 [CLR]

Mokilko: sùnìyé 2 [JMkk]

Sokoro: sónisóni 2 [Lk: 48]

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *son-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'dream' (n.)

Saho: sonoo

Afar (Danakil): sonoo

Notes: Contraction

Warazi etymology :

Proto-Warazi: *šann-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to lie, repose'

Gawwada (Gawata): Dolpena šann-

Dihina: šenn-

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