Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *sV̀k-c₁ǝ̀

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: seed

Tulung: sēsi pip, seed of fruit, lentil, bean

Kaling: sɔs testicle, sɔs-rus fruit

Limbu: sakca pulse, lentils

Kulung: sisi 'testicles, seeds'

Yamphu: ma:-sik 'lentils'

Comments: Toba 90 *sasi. For the Yamphu form cf. Limbu kumakla sakca 'black lentils'.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: sakca

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: pulse, lentils

Comments: kumakla sakca black lentils; Nep. dāl.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: sisi

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: testicles, seeds

Nepali: gulā.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: ma:sik

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: lentils.

Nepali: dāl

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sok

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: grain, seed

Chinese: 粟 *shok

Kiranti: *sV̀k

Chinese characters :

Character: 粟

Modern (Beijing) reading: sù

Preclassic Old Chinese: shok

Classic Old Chinese: shok

Western Han Chinese: shok

Eastern Han Chinese: shjok

Early Postclassic Chinese: shjok

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shjok

Late Postclassic Chinese: shjok

Middle Chinese: sjöuk

English meaning : Italian or fox-tail millet (Setaria italica); grain (rice or millet) in husk

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сетария, просо (Setaria italica); 2) стар. хлеба, зерновые; 3) жалованье (чиновнику); 4) гусиная кожа (от холода); 5) Су (фамилия)

Comments: For *sh cf. Xiamen chik⁷, Chaozhou chek⁷.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 119

Four-angle index: 5313

Karlgren code: 1221 a

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1487

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 粟

MC description : 通合三入燭心

ZIHUI: 4725 0846

Beijing: su 3

Jinan: śy 11

Xi'an: śy 11

Taiyuan: śyǝʔ 41

Hankou: śiou 12

Chengdu: su 12

Yangzhou: sɔʔ 4

Suzhou: soʔ 41

Wenzhou: śyo 41

Changsha: siôu 4

Shuangfeng: śiû 12

Nanchang: śiuk 41

Meixian: siuk 41

Guangzhou: šuk 41

Xiamen: chiɔk 41 (lit.); chîk 41 (lit.); siɔk 41

Chaozhou: sok 41

Fuzhou: söyʔ 41

Shanghai: soʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: siu 42

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *sṭHweḳĔ́ ( ~ -k-)

Meaning: chaff

North Caucasian: *c̣HweḳĔ ( ~ -k-)

Sino-Tibetan: *sŏk

Yenisseian: *TVKV

Basque: *a=hoc

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c̣HweḳĔ ( ~ -k-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: straw, chaff

Proto-Dargwa: *c̣uk

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ʷeI[ḳ]

Proto-West Caucasian: *ć̣ʷVḳ́V / *ć̣Vḳ́ʷV

Notes: Despite some phonetic difficulties (due to assimilations and contaminations, see above), the EC-WC comparison looks satisfactory. As seen from the variety of meanings, the common NC semantics may be assumed to have been "waste (of grain, fruit)".

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *c̣uk

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: straw

Akusha: c̣uk

Comments: Cf. also Tsud. c̣uk id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ʷeI[ḳ]

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 chaff 2 ashes

Lezghian: c̣eḳʷ 1

Rutul: c̣uqI 2

Tsakhur: c̣oqI 1

Comment: The correspondence between Lezg. velar and Rut., Tsakh. uvular is quite irregular and requires explanation. The supposed Proto-Rut.-Tsakh. form must be reconstructed as *c̣ʷeqI 'chaff' (with a secondary semantic development > 'ashes' in Rut.), and was probably modified from earlier *c̣ʷeIḳ ( = Lezg. c̣eḳʷ) under the influence of a widely spread common Lezghian root *näqʷ 'chaff, straw' q.v.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ć̣ʷVḳ́V / *ć̣Vḳ́ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 chaff 2 weed 3 fruit stone

Adyghe: ṣāč̣́a 2

Kabardian: ṣāč̣a 1

Ubykh: ć̣ǝḳ́ 3

Comments: PAK *ć̣aḳá (from the PWC variant *ć̣ʷVḳ́V); Ub. ć̣ǝḳ́ (< *ć̣Vḳ́ʷV). The Adygh and Ub. forms can be compared if we assume the common meaning "waste (of fruit, grain)", and a shift of labialisation (not uncommon in roots with two stops).

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *TVKV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: husk

Kottish: tagečen (Бол.)

Arin: iltegu (Лоск.)

Comments: ССЕ 293. The reconstruction is very approximate, since neither Ket-Yug nor Kottish parallels are known. Werner (1, 357) thinks that the Ar. form means 'fish scales' - however, a derivation from ilti 'fish' is hardly possible in this case.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *a=hoc

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 husk, chaff (of wheat) 2 straw (of wheat) 3 burr (of chestnut)

Bizkaian: aotz, agotz 1, 2, (Gernika) algotz 1

Gipuzkoan: agotz 2, (Alegi) aots 1, (Andoain) alkotz 1

High Navarrese: (Larraun) aotz, (Oyarzun) alkotz 1

Low Navarrese: ahotz 1, (Hazparren) ahotz 3

Salazarese: agotz 2

Lapurdian: ahotz 1

Baztanese: agotz 1

Zuberoan: áhotz 1

Roncalese: autz 2, agotz 2

Comments: Compared with PSC *sṭHwekĔ, assuming metathesis > *kHwesṭÉ (or the like) > Bsq *a=hoc. The variants algotz, alkotz seem to be compounds with *aɫhe- 'seed, grain' (q.v.).

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