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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *mát
Meaning: die, disapear
Tulung: man/t- kill (enemy)
Kaling: 'mannä die,'mahpä dead (thus in CSDP; in KEg mannä, majŋɔ; mahpä)
Comments: Cf. *mV 'not'. Obviously several (related?) stems, but rather hard to distinguish.
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-dum,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: ma:maʔ, -mɔy-/-ma:-
Grammar: vi.
Meaning: be lost, get lost, become lost
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,limet-comments,
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Dumi dictionary :
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Entry: mitnɨ
Grammar: vi-3 mits/mis-mit
Meaning: die
Nepali: marnu
dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-nepali,dumet-comments,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: maima
Grammar: vt-5 [1: mat- 2: matt- 3: mai- 4: man- 5: ma:-]
Meaning: forget
Nepali: birsanu
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: mä:ʔma I
Stem: <mä:d- ; mä:t- ; mä:- >
Grammar: v.intr.
Meaning: to be lost, to vanish, to disappear
Comments: mä:.ŋ.ha.yo. (vanish.NP.PLNR.ARQ) Take care, the stuff will disappear (i.e. get stolen). mä:k.khad.a. (vanish.PROC.PT) It got lost, it vanished.
Nepali: harāunu
yamet-prnum,yamet-stem,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-comments,yamet-nepali,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mă(H)
Meaning: not
Tibetan: ma not.
Burmese: maʔ a verbal negative.
Kachin: maʔ3 be exhausted, ended, šǝmat2 be lost; (H) ma nothing (cf. also mje be lost, gone).
Lushai: KC *maʔ ~ māk' (cf. Lush. ma (māk) to give up, to divorce (one's wife)).
Lepcha: ma 1 for mat used in negative; ma 2 i.q. mă part.neg.
Comments: Cf. also Tib. min ( < ma-gin) is not; Burm. majʔ have not; OCh. 勿 *mǝt don't, 未 *mǝts not yet, 亡 *maŋ have not. Moshang mu; Namsangia ma; Kanauri ma; Kham ma negative affix; PG *ma'L be lost; BG: Bodo ga-ma disappear, ka-ma to lose, Dimasa gama, kama lose, disappear, perish, khama destroy, Garo mat be spent, gimat destroy; Kham maL become lost; Magari hma, hmat be lost. Ben. 101, Sh. 134, 430.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 無
Modern (Beijing) reading: wú
Preclassic Old Chinese: ma
Classic Old Chinese: ma
Western Han Chinese: ma
Eastern Han Chinese: mwa
Early Postclassic Chinese: mwo
Middle Postclassic Chinese: mwo
Late Postclassic Chinese: mwo
Middle Chinese: mü
English meaning : there is no, have no; don't!
Russian meaning[s]: 1) не иметь; отсутствовать; лишенный; без-; 2) не, нет; еще нет; 3) нельзя, не надо, не смей; 4) древн. междометие о!; 5) У (фамилия)
Shuowen gloss: 亡也.從亡.#聲. [634]
Comments: Prohibitive usage of *ma is attested only since Shijing (see Schüssler 646); earlier it was only expressed by 毋 *mǝ. For initial *m- cf. Min forms: Xiamen bɔ2, Chaozhou bo2, Fuzhou mo2, Jianou mau9. Related negations in Chinese include 莫 *māk, 毋 *mǝ, 亡 *maŋ, 勿 *mǝt and some others.
Radical: 86
Four-angle index: 8547
Karlgren code: 0103 a-f
Jianchuan Bai: -mo1
Dali Bai: mu1
Bijiang Bai: -mu1
Shijing occurrences: 2.2, 17.2, 17.3, 23.3, 26.1, 27.3, 29.3, 32.2, 35.1, 49.1, 49.2, 51.3, 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 54.4, 57.3, 58.1, 58.2
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1447
Character: 無
MC description : 遇合三平虞微
ZIHUI: 2477 0939
Beijing: u 12
Jinan: u 12
Xi'an: vu 12
Taiyuan: vu 1
Hankou: u 12
Chengdu: vu 12
Yangzhou: u 12
Suzhou: vu 32
Wenzhou: vu 12
Changsha: u 12
Shuangfeng: ǝu 12
Nanchang: u 31
Meixian: vu 12
Guangzhou: mou 12
Xiamen: bu 12 (lit.); bɔ 12
Chaozhou: bo 12
Fuzhou: u 12
Shanghai: ɦu 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: u 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ma ( ~ -ǝ)
Meaning: not, prohibitive particle
Comments and references : HGC 21, NSC 64 *mV. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ma ( ~ -ǝ)
Meaning: a prohibitive particle
Proto-West Caucasian: *mǝ Notes: A common NC prohibitive particle (its use as a general negation in some subgroups is probably secondary). See Trubetzkoy 1930, 273.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ma
Meaning: a prohibitive particle ("do not...")
Chechen: ma
Ingush: ma
Batsbi: ma
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *-m
Meaning: a negative particle
Tsezi: -n-č̣
Ginukh: -go-m
Khvarshi: -b-č̣
Inkhokvari: -b-
Comments: PTsKh *-m (only in compounds with other particles; Tsez. -n- in -nč̣- is a result of assimilation). Reasons for denasalisation in Khvarsh. and Inkh. are not quite clear.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: ma
Meaning: a prohibitive particle
Lak form: ma
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *mV
Meaning: a prohibitive particle
Lezghian: -mir
Tabasaran: m-
Agul: m-
Rutul: m-
Tsakhur: m-
Kryz: m-
Budukh: m-
Udi: ma
Comment: Mostly used as a prefix, although in Ud. the particle has conserved its separate status. See Aлексеев 1985, 100.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *mǝ
Meaning: not (negative particle)
Abkhaz: m-
Abaza: -m-
Adyghe: mǝ-
Kabardian: mǝ-
Ubykh: -m(a)-
Comments: Used in AA and Ub. as both negative and prohibitive particle; in the AK languages it is a common prohibitive morpheme and is also used in deverbatives (e.g., in infinitives etc.); as a general negative morpheme it was absolutely lost in Ad., and in Kabardian stayed only within the complex negative suffix -q:ǝ-m.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *wǝ-
Meaning: not, there is not
Ket: bъ̄ń / bъń "not, there is not"; bъńśeŋ1, bъtśeŋ1, bъńčǝŋ1 "there is not"
Yug: bъń "not, there is not"; bъ̄śɛ "there is not"
Kottish: bō "prohibitive particle"; mon, *mōn "not"; Ass. (М., Сл.) mon "not"
Arin: bon (Кл.) "there is not", (М., Сл.) "not"
Pumpokol: a-mút, amut (Сл.) "not"
Comments: ССЕ 294. Pump. bejsem "there is not" (Кл.) is most probably a Yug form. The pure stem *wǝ is reflected only in Kott. bō; other forms reflect a derived *wǝ-n. Werner 1, 157 <*bǝ / *bǝn>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : MV
Meaning : prohibitive / negative particle
Afroasiatic : *mV negat. particle (Ar., Eg., Cush., Chad.)
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ma
Meaning: prohibitive particle, not
References: ND 1353 *ma 'do not'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *mē
Meaning: part. prohibit.
Tokharian: A, B mā (PT *mā) 'not, no' (Adams 445)
Old Indian: mā
Avestan: mā
Other Iranian: OPers mā
Armenian: mi
Old Greek: mḗ
Albanian: mos
Russ. meaning: отриц. част.
piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-iran,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-alb,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1230
Root: mē-1
English meaning: prohibitive particle
German meaning: `(daß) nicht'
Grammatical comments: prohibitiv
Material: Ai. av. apers. mā, gr. μή, arm. mi ds., alb. mos ds. (aus *mo = idg. *mē + s, das vielleicht auf idg. kʷe zurückgeht).
References: WP. II 236 f.
Pages: 703
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-grammar,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ma
Meaning: a negative particle
Russian meaning: отрицательная частица
Comments: ОСНЯ 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to note Mong. *büi, *bu 'neg. particle' - which may be originally the same morpheme, but functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *-ma-
Meaning: not
Russian meaning: не
Old Turkic: -ma-
Karakhanid: -ma-
Turkish: -ma-
Tatar: -ma-
Middle Turkic: -ma-
Uzbek: -ma-
Uighur: -ma-
Sary-Yughur: -ma-
Azerbaidzhan: -ma-
Turkmen: -ma-
Khakassian: -ma-
Shor: -ma-
Oyrat: -ma-
Halaj: -ma-
Chuvash: -ma-
Yakut: -ma-
Tuva: -ma-
Tofalar: -ma-
Kirghiz: -ma-
Kazakh: -ma-
Noghai: -ma-
Bashkir: -ma-
Balkar: -ma-
Gagauz: -ma-
Karaim: -ma-
Karakalpak: -ma-
Salar: -mɨ-
Kumyk: -ma-
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *-me
Meaning: a prohibitive particle
Russian meaning: запретительная частица
Spoken Manchu: emǝ 'don't' (3005)
Literary Manchu: ume
Jurchen: ume (472)
Nanai: em
Oroch: em
Comments: ТМС 2, 272. Initial u- is probably an original verbal root (possibly PTM *ō- `to make; become'). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-chu,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *mō-t
Meaning: impossible (adv.); bad, wicked
Russian meaning: невозможно (нар.); плохой
Modern Korean: mōt [mōs], mōǯil-
Middle Korean: mōt 1, mōtír- 2
Comments: Nam 215, 217, KED 635, 647. koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *-ma-
Meaning: dubitative suffix
Russian meaning: суффикс дубитатива
Old Japanese: -ma-
Middle Japanese: -ma-
Tokyo: -ma-i
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ma-
Russian meaning: не (запретительное)
English meaning: not (prohibitive)
Svan: mā-d(e), mō-de
Laz: mo-t
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 124, EWK 227. В ОСНЯ 56 сравнивается с ПИЕ *mē, драв. *ma-, алт. *me- / *be- id. Аналогичная запретительная частица представлена и в ПСК *ma (NCED 797).
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-sva,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *mal- (?)
Meaning : [negative morpheme]
Proto-South Dravidian: *mal- Proto-North Dravidian : *mal Notes : Nearly-isolated PNDR form with an obscure Tamil correspondence.
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-ndr,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *mal-
Meaning : negative morpheme
Tamil : -mal
Tamil meaning : in negative adverbial suffix -āmal (Su. 1971, pp. 391, 394-5)
Number in DED : 4743
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *mal
Meaning : no, not
Kurukh : mal "not"
Malto : mala
Additional forms : Also KUR malā not, no; malnā not to be (so); malʔā not (when the negation falls on one single word which is being opposed to another word); no; malkā deprived of, lacking; mal- (past mall-) to be not.
Number in DED : 4743
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-addition,ndret-dednum,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma
Meaning: not
Semitic: *ma 'not'
Saho-Afar: AFA mā-
Low East Cushitic: SOM má...in; ARB máala
South Cushitic: IRQ má
Omotic: ONG mi-, HAM -ma
afaset-meaning,afaset-sem,afaset-sho,afaset-lec,afaset-scu,afaset-omo,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 3056
Proto-Semitic: *ma
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: not
Arabic: mā
Modern Arabic: Leb mā...š, Mec Mlt mā,
Amharic: al...m
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,semet-dial,semet-amh,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *mV
Meaning: negative particle
Austroasiatic meaning: not, negative
Proto-Thai: *mV
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: ʔVm
Meaning: not, negative
Khasi: em
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-pawa,aaet-khasi,
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Palaung-Wa etymology :
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Proto-Palaung-Wa: *ʔVN
Meaning: not, no
pawaet-meaning,pawaet-prnum,pawaet-prwa,
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Wa etymology :
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Proto-Wa: *ʔaŋ
Meaning: not
Paraok: ʔaŋ
Paraok meaning: not
Wa: ʔaŋ
Wa meaning: not
Ava: ʔaŋ
prwaet-meaning,prwaet-prnum,prwaet-praok,prwaet-praokme,prwaet-meng,prwaet-mengme,prwaet-mas,
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