Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *blìŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: fill

Sunwar: brī-ca get filled, brī-śo full

Tulung: lit- suffice, reach (an age) (?)

Kaling: lunä (liŋu) to fill

Limbu: lɔŋwā overflow of rainwater

Dumi: lennɨ

Kulung: laima 'suffice'; līma 'pour into, insert'

Comments: Perhaps 2 different roots, as seen from the distinction in Kulung.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: le:Nmaʔ, -le:N-

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt.

Meaning: pour (fluid), add (fluid)

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: lennɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vt-2a lend/len-lents/les

Meaning: move, spill (liquid)

Nepali: sārnu.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: laima

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi-6 [1: lai- 2: lai- 3: laiy- 4: lan- 5: la:-]

Meaning: be enough, have enough, suffice

Nepali: pugnu.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *liǝ̆ŋ (p-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: full

Chinese: 盈 *leŋ full, fill.

Tibetan: liŋ a whole piece ( > Lepcha liŋ to be abundant, to be superfluous ?)

Burmese: prańʔ be full, phrańʔ to fill, LB *pliŋʔ.

Kachin: phriŋ⁴ be full (cf. also tiŋ² be complete, congest).

Lushai: KC *pliŋ ?.

Lepcha: bljăn

Kiranti: *blìŋ

Comments: PG *plIŋʔ get filled; BG: Dimasa phuluŋ fill in, Bodo buŋ be full; Nung biŋ; Kanauri böŋ; Miri büŋ; Digaro bloŋ. Sh. 410; Ben. 40; Mat. 167.

Chinese characters :

Character: 盈

Modern (Beijing) reading: yíng

Preclassic Old Chinese: leŋ

Classic Old Chinese: leŋ

Western Han Chinese: leŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: źeŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: źeŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jeŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: jeŋ

Middle Chinese: jeŋ

English meaning : to fill, satisfy

Russian meaning[s]: 1) полный; полностью; заполнить; 2) излишек; изобилие; переполнить; 3) доход, прибыль

Shuowen gloss: 滿器也.從皿**. [212]

Comments: For initial *l- cf. Min forms: Xiamen iã2, Chaozhou ieŋ2, Fuzhou iŋ2.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 108

Four-angle index: 691

Karlgren code: 0815 a-b

Vietnamese reading: doanh

Shijing occurrences: 3.1, 12.3_, 34.2_

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 810

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 盈

MC description : 梗開三平清以

ZIHUI: 4134 2608

Beijing: iŋ 12

Jinan: iŋ 12

Xi'an: iŋ 12

Taiyuan: iŋ 1

Hankou: in 12

Chengdu: in 12

Yangzhou: ĩ 12

Suzhou: in 12

Wenzhou: ɦiaŋ 12

Changsha: yn 12

Shuangfeng: in 12

Nanchang: in 31

Meixian: jin 12

Guangzhou: jîŋ 12

Xiamen: îŋ 12 (lit.); iã 12

Chaozhou: ieŋ 12

Fuzhou: iŋ 12

Shanghai: iiŋ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: iǝŋ 12

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bVɫV

Meaning: full

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *liǝ̆ŋ (p-)

Burushaski: *bil / *bir

Comments and references : SCE 107.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *bil / *bir

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: full

Hunza: bil, bir

Nagar: bil, bir

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVLV

Meaning : many, full

Eurasiatic : *ṗalV

Afroasiatic : Sem. *pVlħ-; Angas pil (?)

Sino-Caucasian : *bVɫV

Austric : PAN *pǝlpǝl 'fill'

Amerind (misc.) : *pala 'big' (R 56) [ + A]

African (misc.) : Bantu *-bụ̀d- 'become plentiful' (?).

Reference : ND 1709, 1710; Peiros 1989; Guthrie 224.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗalV

Meaning: many

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *pelǝ- (here also *pelǝ- 'full, fill')

Altaic: *p`ŭle ( ~ -i)

Uralic: *paljV

Kartvelian: *pr-

Dravidian: *pal-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *pǝl 'большой'

Comments: Cf. also PD *pol-i- (1426) [but maybe = PA *bi̯olo 'whole' 165]

References: МССНЯ 348; ND 1709 *[ṗ]olXE 'to fill', 1710 *ṗal̄yu 'much, superfluous' (hardly a justified division; on Drav. *pol- see above; + Sem. and Ang.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *pel-u-; *pel[e]-, *plē-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: many

Old Indian: purú- `much, many, abundant', f. pūrvī́, comp. prāyas adv. `for the most part, mostly'

Avestan: pouru- `viel'; comp. frāyah- `mehr'

Other Iranian: OPers paru `viel'

Old Greek: polǘ-, f. pollǟ́ `viel, zahlreich, häufig', polló- `id.'; comp. aeol., dor. plḗōn, pléon, att. pléi̯ōn

Germanic: *filu adv., *fil-u- adj.; *flaiz=

Latin: plūs (OLat plous) `mehr', plūrimus (OLat ploirume, plouruma) `meist'

Celtic: *hel-, *hlī- > OIr il `viel', lia `plus, plures'; OCymr liaus `multitudo', Cymr lliaws `multitudo'

Russ. meaning: много

References: WP II 63 f

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *filu, *filu-; *flaiz=

Meaning: very, much

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: filu n. sbs./adv. `very, much'

Old Norse: fjɔl n. `Menge'; fjɔl- `viel'; comp. fleiri `mehr'

Norwegian: fjöl- `viel-'

Old English: fela, feala, feola, feolu n.

Old Frisian: felo, fele, fel, fule, ful

Old Saxon: filu, filo `viel'

Middle Dutch: vēle

Dutch: veel

Old Franconian: vilo

Middle Low German: vēl(e)

Old High German: filu (8.Jh.) { filo } `viel'

Middle High German: vil(e)

German: viel adj., adv. 'viel, in fülle, in menge'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`ŭle ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be left, surplus

Russian meaning: оставаться, излишек

Turkic: *üle-

Mongolian: *hüle-

Tungus-Manchu: *pule-

Comments: EAS 55, Владимирцов 187, Poppe 12, 111, Цинциус 1984, 60, Rozycki 82. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer MT 23, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *üle-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to divide, distribute, endow 2 lot, endowment

Russian meaning: 1 разделять, распределять, наделять 2 доля, надел

Old Turkic: üle-, üleš- 1, ülüg, ülüš 2 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: üle-, üleš- 1, ülüg, ülüš 2 (MK, KB)

Turkish: üleš- 1, üleš 2

Tatar: ü̆läš- 1, ü̆lĭš 2

Middle Turkic: ülü 2, üle- 1 (AH), üleš- 1, üleš 2 (Pav. C.), ülüš 2 (Abush., Pav. C.)

Uzbek: uläš- 1, uĺuš 2

Uighur: üläš- 1, ülüš 2

Sary-Yughur: ülis- 2

Turkmen: üle, ülüš 2, üle-, üleš- 1

Khakassian: üle- 1, ülüs 2

Shor: üle-, üleš- 1, üleš, ülüš 2

Oyrat: ülü, ülöš 2, üle-, üleš-, ülöš- 1

Chuvash: valeś- 1

Tuva: üle- 1, üleš 2

Kirghiz: ülöš, ülüš 2

Kazakh: üles- 1, üles 2

Noghai: üles- 1, ülis 2

Bashkir: ü̆läš- 1, ü̆lü̆š 2

Balkar: üleš- 1, üleš, ülüš 2

Karaim: üleš-, ülüš- 1, ülüš 2

Karakalpak: üles- 1, üles 2

Kumyk: üleš- 1

Comments: ЭСТЯ 1, 627-629, EDT 127, 142, 153, 154, Егоров 46, Федотов 1, 98-99, VEWT 520, TMN 2, 120-121.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *hüle-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 surplus, to leave 2 more than 3 remain, get left

Russian meaning: 1 излишек, оставлять 2 больше чем 3 оставаться (на месте), отставать

Written Mongolian: üle- 1 (L 1004), ilegü, ilegüü, ülegüü 2 (L 405), ülde-, ülede- 3

Middle Mongolian: xule- (SH) 1, xüle'u (SH, HYt), holu (IM), hul(a)u (MA) 2

Khalkha: üle- 1, ilǖ 2, ülde- 3

Buriat: üle- 1, ülǖ 2, ülde- 3

Kalmuck: ülǖ, ilǖ 2, ülde 3

Ordos: üli-, üle- 1, ilǖ 2

Dongxian: fǝiliǝ- 1, śiliu, šiliu 2

Baoan: śilu, šilu, xelu (Tungren) 2

Dagur: xulu- 1, xulū 2 (Тод. Даг. 179), hulū 2, huledē 3 (MD 166), ilū 'many' <lit.? (MD 171)

Shary-Yoghur: helē- 1, hölǖ, χölǖ 2

Monguor: fulē- (SM 106) 1, fulǖ (SM 106), xoliu, šilǖ, xilǖ (Huzu)

Mogol: ZM ulou (16-1a)

Comments: KW 456, 457 MGCD 287, 409, 692.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pule-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be left, surplus

Russian meaning: оставаться, излишек

Evenki: hele-, hule-

Even: hul-

Negidal: xule-

Literary Manchu: fulu

Ulcha: pule-

Orok: pule-

Nanai: pule-

Oroch: xule-

Udighe: xule-

Solon: ule-

Comments: ТМС 2, 364-365.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 706

Proto: *paljV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: thick; many

German meaning: dicht, dick; (FW ->) viel

Finnish: paljo, paljon 'viel' ( > Saam. N balljŏ 'much, hardly, L paljo 'sehr')

Estonian: palju 'viel, Menge; sehr'

Mari (Cheremis): pülä (KB) 'ziemlich viel, recht viel'

Mansi (Vogul): pɔ̄̈ĺ (KU), pāĺ (P So.) 'dicht, dicht belaubt' ?

Nenets (Yurak): paĺʔ (O) 'dick, dicht', paŕ (Nj.) 'stark strömende, seichte Stelle im Fluß, Stromschnelle' [?]

Enets (Yen): fod́e-me (Ch.), fod́e-ma 'dick werden'

Yukaghir parallels: pojō^.i 'many, plenty', pojo^.n 'many'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *pr-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Georgian: u-pro 'more', pri-ad- 'many'

Notes and references: В МССHЯ 348 основа сравнивается с ПИЕ *pǝlu 'много', *plē- 'больше', алт. *p`ölV 'избыток, лишнее', урал. *paljV 'много, густой' < ностр. *ṗalV.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *pàl-

Meaning : many

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *păl-

Proto-Telugu : *pal-

Proto-North Dravidian : *pal-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *păl-

Meaning : many

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : pala

Tamil meaning : many, several, diverse

Tamil derivates : palar many or several persons, assembly, society; pallār many persons; pan_mai plurality, multitude; pal many (OTa., only in cpds., e. g. pal-kālum many times, often, pan_-malai many hills; Zvelebil 1977)

Malayalam : pala

Malayalam meaning : many, several, various

Kannada : pala, palavu

Kannada meaning : much, many, several, various

Kannada derivates : palar, palambar, palavar several persons; palarme several times

Proto-Nilgiri : *pal[-ǐ] (?)

Notes : Unexplainable *-e- in PN.

Number in DED : 3987

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *pal[-ǐ] (?)

Meaning : a large number, many

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Toda : pes_

Number in DED : 3987

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *pal-

Meaning : many, several, various, different

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : palu

Additional forms : Also [1] paluvuru, [2] paluvuṇḍru many persons

Number in DED : 3987

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *pal-

Meaning : to be multiplied, be bred

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Malto : palware

Additional forms : Also Malto palwatre to breed, rear

Number in DED : 3987

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