Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *niŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: year

Limbu: -niŋ in ɛn-niŋ 'this year' etc.

Yamphu: niŋ (in iʔniŋ 'one year' etc.)

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: ɛnniN

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: adv.

Meaning: this year

Derivation: [< ɛn today]

Comments: cf. atche:ma, aʔnɛmma, ɛllamba, miʔlliN, sumliN.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: niŋ

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: bound morph.

Meaning: year

Comments: iʔniŋ one year.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nīŋ (s-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: year

Chinese: 年 *nhīn harvest; year.

Tibetan: rńiŋ old, ancient (of things); na-niŋ last year.

Burmese: hnać year.

Kachin: šǝniŋ¹ year.

Lushai: KC *Niŋ.

Kiranti: *niŋ

Comments: Tsangla niŋ; Mikir niŋ; Rawang niŋ; Trung aŋ³-niŋ¹ year; Miri nyiŋ-. Simon 26; Sh 38, 410; Ben. 79.

Chinese characters :

Character: 年

Modern (Beijing) reading: nián

Preclassic Old Chinese: nhīn

Classic Old Chinese: nhīn

Western Han Chinese: nhjǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: nhiǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: nhiēn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: nhiēn

Late Postclassic Chinese: nhiēn

Middle Chinese: nien

Fanqie: 泥奸

Rhyme class: 先

English meaning : harvest, crop; year

Russian meaning[s]: 1) год; годы, возраст; 2) урожай; 3) Новый год; новогодний; 4) Нянь (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: ?

Comments: For *nh cf. Shaowu nin⁷, Chaozhou hĩ².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 51

Four-angle index: 2547

Karlgren code: 0364 a-d

Vietnamese reading: niên

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 266

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 年

MC description : 山開四平先泥

ZIHUI: 1628 1806

Beijing: nian 12

Jinan: ńiã 12

Xi'an: ńiã 12

Taiyuan: niɛ 1

Hankou: nian 12

Chengdu: ńian 12

Yangzhou: nî̃ 12

Suzhou: ńî 12

Wenzhou: ńi 12

Changsha: ńiẽ 12

Shuangfeng: ńî̃ 12

Nanchang: ńiɛn 31

Meixian: ńian 12

Guangzhou: nin 12

Xiamen: lian 11 (lit.); nĩ 12

Chaozhou: ni 12

Fuzhou: nieŋ 12

Shanghai: ńî 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: nien 12

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *śwVnɨ̆́

Meaning: year; old

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *śwänɨ̆

Sino-Tibetan: *nīŋ (s-)

Yenisseian: *siń

Burushaski: *den

Comments and references : HGC 35, NSC 64 *swEnV, SCE 112.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *śwänɨ̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: year

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *rišin

Proto-Lak: šin

Proto-Lezghian: *s:än

Proto-West Caucasian: *š́ʷA

Notes: Correspondences are regular, and the etymology seems quite reliable. See Abdokov 1983, 102, 104 (with a hardly justified attempt to divide this root into two different NC roots).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *rišin

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 year 2 sky

Avar: son 1

Chadakolob: šon 1

Andian language: rešin 1,2

Akhvakh: reše 1,2

Chamalal: jehĩ 2

Tindi: rehan 1,2

Karata: rešin 1,2

Botlikh: reši 1,2

Bagvalal: rešĩ 1,2

Godoberi: rešin 1,2

Comments: Av. paradigm C (obl. saná- in saná-jil 'every year', pl. sóna-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tl., Ratl. rešen, Cham. Gig. reši, Kar. Anch. niši, Tok. rexin. The initial *ri- in PA is probably a result of contamination with another PEC root for 'year' (*swĕrho / *rĕswo q.v.).

    The only Andian language which distinguishes between 'year' and 'sky' is Chamalal: cf. Cham. jehna 'sky', Gig. rešin id. (opposed to Cham. jehĩ, Gig. reši 'year'). This may be an indication of an old opposition between *riši 'year; old' ( < *rĕswo) : *ri-šin 'year; sky' ( < *śwänɨ̆).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: šin

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: year

Lak form: šin

Comments: 4th class, obl. base šina-.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *s:än

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: year

Rutul: sän

Tsakhur: sen

Kryz: sän

Budukh: sen

Archi: s:an

Udi: usen

Comment: Oblique base *s:änɨ- (cf. Tsakh. Gelm. seni-; Rut. sänä́- is probably secondary). See Trubetzkoy 1930, 83; Лексика 1971, 182; Гигинейшвили 1977, 135.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *š́ʷA

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: year

Abkhaz: á-škʷs

Abaza: skʷšǝ

Ubykh: šʷa

Comments: Ub. def. á-šʷa. PAT *šǝ-kʷǝśǝ : probably from earlier *šʷǝ-kʷǝśǝ with dissimilation (cf. also different dissimilations and metatheses in modern languages: Bz. á-śkʷś, Abaz. skʷšǝ). The meaning of the component -kʷǝśǝ is not clear. Abdokov (1973, 54) compared the Abkh. word with AK *jǝʎasǝ 'year' which is improbable.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *siń

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: old, withered

Ket: śīń / śi:ń

Yug: sin

Comments: ССЕ 275. Werner 2, 197 (without reconstruction).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *den

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: year

Yasin: den

Hunza: den

Nagar: den

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVNV

Meaning : year, old

Eurasiatic : *CVnV

Afroasiatic : *san-

Sino-Caucasian : *śwVnɨ̆́

Reference : МССНЯ 337, ND 2075.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *zVnV

Meaning: year, old

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *senʌ-

Altaic: Turk. *jün- (*jön-)

Uralic: ? *soŋkV

Kartvelian: *ʒ́w(en)-

Dravidian: *čeṇ-

References: МССНЯ 337; Долгопольский 1972, 167; ND 2075 *s̄[e]nV 'long time, year' (IE+Drav+SH); 2743 *ʒoŋE ~ *ʒon̄E 'old' (Kartv. + Ur. + Turk.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *sen-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: of last year, old

Old Indian: sána- `old, ancient'

Avestan: hana- 'alt'

Armenian: hana-paz `immer', hin `alt'

Old Greek: héno- `alt' (nur in stehenden Redewendungen von Früchten und Beamten des vorigen Jahres, auch von dem letzten Tag des vorigen Monats oder Mondumlaufes, der zugleich den neuen Umlauf einleitet); dĭ́-eno- 'two years old' Thphr.

Baltic: *sen-a- adj., *sen-ia- c., *sen̂- vb. intr.

Germanic: *sin-i-, *sin-a- adj., *sin-ōn- f.

Latin: senex, gen. senis/senicis `alt, bejahrt; Greis', comp. senior; senēre `bin alt, schwach', senium `Altersschwäche, Verdriesslichkeit'

Celtic: OIr sen `alt'; OCorn hen, Bret hen `senex'; Gaul Seno-gnatus, Seneca

Russ. meaning: прошлогодний, старый

References: WP II 494

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *sen-a- adj., *sen-ia- c., *sen̂- vb. intr.

Meaning: old

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: sẽna- `alt, bejahrt, gebraucht, abgetragen, antik, dem Altertum grhörig', sen(i)aĩ `schon lange her, vor langer Zeit, längst', sénti `altern, veralten'

Lettish: sęns `aus alter Zeit stammend, früher, ehemalig', senis, sen `längst, seit langer Zeit'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *sini-, *sina-, *sinōn

Meaning: old

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: sinīg-s (a) `old', sup. *sinista `oldest'

Old Norse: sina f. `altes Wintergrass'

Norwegian: dial. sina

Swedish: dial. sena

Old Franconian: OFrank > MLat seni-scalcus `famulorum senior (sénéchal)'

Middle High German: { sen-wurz `senecio' }

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1691

Root: sen(o)-

English meaning: old

German meaning: `alt'

Derivatives: seno-mātēr `Großmutter'

Material: Ai. sána-, av. hana- `alt', ai. sanaká- `ehemalig, alt' (: lat. senex, fränk. Sinigus, gall.Seneca), sanaḥ `vor alters', sánā, sanā́t, sanátā `von alters her, von jeher, stets', sanātána- `ewig, unvergänglich, beständig'; arm. hanapaz `immer', hin `alt'; gr. ἕνος `alt, vom vorigen Jahre', δί-ενος `zweijährig', ἕνη καὶ νέα `der Tag vor dem Neumond und der erste des beginnenden Monats'; lat. senex, Gen. senis, Kompar. senior `alt, bejahrt'; seneō, -ēre `alt, schwach sein', senēscō, -ere `altern, hinschwinden', senium `Altersschwäche, zehrende Gemütsstimmung', senātus, -ūs (osk. Gen. senateís) `Senat', senectūs `Alter', seneciō ds.; air. sen `alt', acymr. corn. bret. hen `senex', Komp. air. siniu, cymr. hyn; ir. sen-māth(a)ir (= lit. sen-mótė) `Großmutter'; gall. Seno-gnātus u. dgl., Seneca; got. sineigs `πρεσβύτης', sinista `ältester', afränk. sini-skalkus `der älteste Hausdiener', aisl. sina `vorjähriges Gras'; lit. sẽnas `alt', sẽnis `Greis', seniaĩ `vor alters, längst', senė́ju `werde alt' (= lat. seneō).

References: WP. II 494, WH. II 513 f., Trautmann 256.

Pages: 907-908

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 919

Proto: *soŋkV (*soŋV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: old; to get old

German meaning: alt; alt werden

Mari (Cheremis): šoŋɣǝ̑ (KB) 'alt', šoŋɣo (U B) 'alt; Greis, Alter', soŋɣo (M) 'alt; Greis'

Hungarian: agg 'Greis; sehr alt', agg- (altung.) 'altern, alt werden'; ? avul- 'alt werden', ó 'alt'

Sammalahti's version: *soŋka

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ʒ́w-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: старый

English meaning: old

Georgian: ʒv-el-

Megrel: ǯv-eš-

Svan: ǯw-in- 'to get old', ǯw-in-el- 'old'

Laz: (m)ǯv-eš-, nǯv-eš- 'old', mǯv-en- 'to get old'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 238 (*ʒ́wel-, *ʒ́wen-), EWK 488. Сложный случай. С одной стороны, Долгопольский (1972, 167) сравнивает картв. *ʒ́wen- с ПИЕ *sen- 'год, старый', тюрк. *jün- (*jön-) 'дряхлый' < ностр. *ʒUnE 'старый'. При принятии этой этимологии форму *ʒ́wel- следует объяснять как вторичное стяжение < *ʒ́wen-l-. С другой стороны, бросается в глаза сходство с ПЗК *ž́ʷǝ 'старый' ( < ПСК *swĕrho 'год, старый', см. NCED 968-969; сближение см. Климов 1969, 290); если эта связь не случайна, следует думать о заимствовании в ПК < ПЗК.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *čeṇ-

Meaning : old

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *čeṇ-

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *čeṇ-

Meaning : old

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *čēṇ-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *senḍ- (*c-)

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *čēṇ-

Meaning : old

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : sēnāl (fem. sēnō) "old man, senior"

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : senāl, (fem., neut.) seno "aged"

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : senāl (pl. -or), (Fem.) seno (pl. -hk)

Gommu Gondi : sēṛo "old woman"

Muria Gondi : hēnor "old, senior"

Maria Gondi : sēṛo (pl. -sku) "old woman"

Yeotmal Gondi : seṛal "(masc.) old"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Mu sēno old woman

Number in DED : 2808

Number in CVOTGD : 3479

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *senḍ- (*c-)

Meaning : first-born, eldest

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : senḍa

Additional forms : Also Kui senḍenju founder of a race, early settler

Number in DED : 2808

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *san-

Meaning: year

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *šan- 'year'

Western Chadic: *wa-sun- 'year' 1, 'rainy season' 2

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1089

Proto-Semitic: *šan-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'year'

Akkadian: šattu

Ugaritic: šnt

Hebrew: šanā

Syrian Aramaic: šatt-

Arabic: san-at-

Mehri: senēt

Harsusi: senet

Soqotri: sanah

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *wa-sun-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 1 'year', 2 'rainy season'

Warji: wasǝn-na 1,2 [SkNB]

Kariya: wasǝn 1,2 [SkNB]

Diri: ašen 1,2 [SkNB]

Miya: wasǝšan 1,2 [SkNB]

Siri: wasǝnuwa 1,2 [SkNB]

Mburku: wasǝn 1,2 [SkNB]

Jimbin: wasun 1,2 [SkNB]

Polchi: waŝìn 1 [SkNB]

Geji: waŝin 1 [SkNB]

Sayanchi: waŝùn 1

Notes: Cf. Tangale wɔzɔn 'dry season'. All looks like a borrowing

Total pages generated Pages generated by this script 308819 3982723	Help
StarLing database server Powered by CGI scripts Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin Copyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov