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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *hok
Meaning: bark, to peel
Tulung: hok(s)- peel, strip, hokte chaff
Comments: Cf. *ʔkák (with possible confusion).
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-lim,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: hɔk
Grammar: n.
Meaning: cortex, crust, rind, husk.
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: hɔu
Grammar: n.
Meaning: bark of a tree, peelings (of a potato), foreskin (of a penis)
Nepali: bokro.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: sauk
Grammar: n.
Meaning: skin.
Nepali: chālā
yamet-prnum,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-nepali,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ghʷāk
Meaning: skin, leather
Tibetan: kog, skog, skogs shell, peel, rind.
Burmese: khauk bark of a tree, LB *skuk(x).
Kachin: (H) mǝkho chaff; (?) go3 peel off.
Lushai: khok to peel off, KC *khok.
Lepcha: kok the outer part of bamboo
Comments: BG: Dimasa khu; Bahing kok-te; Gyarung rkhwak. Sh. 44; Ben. 74; Peiros-Starostin 213.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 鞹
Modern (Beijing) reading: kuò
Preclassic Old Chinese: khʷāk
Classic Old Chinese: khwāk
Western Han Chinese: khwāk
Eastern Han Chinese: khwāk
Early Postclassic Chinese: khwāk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: khwāk
Late Postclassic Chinese: khwāk
Middle Chinese: khwâk
English meaning : leather
Radical: 0
Four-angle index: 0
Karlgren code: 0774 h-i
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xGĕrkwe (~-a)
Meaning: skin
Comments and references : Cf. also OC *krǝ̄k `leather, skin' and PEC *q_ĕrVq̇wV `coat, coat of mail'. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *Gĕrkwe (~-a)
Meaning: skin, sheepskin
Notes: Phonetically the correspondence is satisfactory (in Nakh *qaqa- with double assimilation < *ʁaqa- < *ʁaka-, a usual process when we deal with a combination uvular+velar within one root); but since the etymology is a Nakh-Lezg. isogloss, it is not very reliable.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *qaqan
Meaning: 1 sheep-skin 2 skin
Chechen: qaqa 1
Ingush: qaqa 1
Batsbi: qaqã 2
Comments: 6th class in all languages.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *q:ärkʷa
Meaning: 1 nut-shell 2 bark 3 skin
Lezghian: q:ark (Khl.) 1
Agul: q:ark (Burk.) 2
Tsakhur: ʁekʷa 3
Comment: Cf. also Tsakh. Tsakh. q:ekʷa 'skin', Ag. Fit. q:ark 'bark'. Not quite clear is loss of labialization in Lezg. and Ag.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-agu,lezget-cak,lezget-comment,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *qhork
Meaning: chaff
Yasin: xork
Hunza: qhurk
Nagar: qhurk
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVNKV
Meaning : shell, bark
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *kV(n)ḳV
Meaning: shell
References: ND 1105 *ḲäŋḲa(hV) 'shell'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-drav,nostret-chuk,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *k'onkh-
Meaning: shell, shell-fish, snail
Old Indian: śaṅkhá- m. n. `shell, conch-shell'
Old Greek: kóŋkho-s m. (/f.) kóŋkhǟ f. `Muschel, Muschelschale; Ohrenhöhle, Kniescheibe, Hirnschale, Siegelkapsel, Schildbuckel usw.'; kókhlo-s m. (/f.) `Muschel mit gewundenem Gehäuse, Meer-, Landschnecke'
Russ. meaning: ракушка и ее обитатель
piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-greek,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1002
Root: k̂onkho-
English meaning: clamshell
German meaning: `Muschel'?
Material: Ai. śaŋkhá- m. `Muschel, Schläfe'; gr. κόγχος, κόγχη `Muschel, Hohlmaß'; κόχλος, κοχλίας `Muschel, Schneckenhaus, Schnecke', vielleicht aus *κογχλ-;
lat. congius `Hohlmaß für Flüssigkeiten' ist höchstwahrscheinlich gr. Lw.;
unsicher lett. sence `Muschel', da zence die richtigere Form scheint.
References: WP. I 461 f., WH. I 260, J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 151.
Pages: 614
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ki̯aka ( ~ -k`-)
Meaning: shell
Russian meaning: раковина
Comments: АПиПЯЯ 293. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; seems quite reliable (linking the Jpn. form with Kor. kur by Martin 238 should be rejected). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kiaK-ta / -ikta
Meaning: 1 skin 2 shell
Russian meaning: 1 кожа 2 раковина
Evenki: kē̂kikta 1
Literary Manchu: qaiqari 2
Ulcha: qịaqta 2
Nanai: qǟχta 2
Oroch: kiakta 2
Udighe: käkta (/käxta) (Корм. 246) Comments: ТМС 1, 386-387. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kàkî
Meaning: shell, oyster
Russian meaning: раковина, устрица
Old Japanese: kakji
Middle Japanese: kàkì
Tokyo: káki
Kyoto: kàkî
Kagoshima: kakí
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kak-
Meaning : shell
Proto-South Dravidian: *Kak- Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kāk- dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *Kak-
Malayalam : kakka
Malayalam meaning : shell, cockle
Number in DED : 1423
sdret-prnum,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *kāk-
Meaning : a bivalve shell
Telugu : kāki cippa
Number in DED : 1423
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kāk-
Meaning : shell-fish
Kinwat Kolami : kāke
Naikri : kāke "shell-fish, snail"
Number in DED : 1423
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kol_kin,kogaet-naikri,kogaet-dednum,
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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *qeɣʷẹŋ-
Meaning (Rus.): краб, рак
kamet-meaning,kamet-chuk,kamet-itel,
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Chukchee-Koryak etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *qe[f]eŋqu= (~ ạ)
Meaning (Rus.): краб
Chukchee: qɛɛŋqú=, (АБ) qaŋqo=lɣǝn (qɛŋqǝ-t pl.)
Comments: Молл 63.
chuket-prnum,chuket-meaning,chuket-chu,chuket-comments,
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Itelmen etymology :
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Proto-Itelmen: *qewin- EA
Meaning (Rus.): краб, рак
Itelmen meaning: краб
West Itelmen: kẹvin
West Itelmen meaning: astacus fluviatis
West Itelmen meaning (Polish): rak, raki
itelet-prnum,itelet-meaning,itelet-itemea,itelet-wit,itelet-witmea,itelet-witmep,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaw(ḳ)-
Meaning: bark of tree
Low East Cushitic: Mossiya ḳoʔa 'bark'
Warazi (Dullay): Tsamai ḳaḳe SLLE, qaqqatte ST, Ḍopasunte q'aaq'-ičče, Gollango qóoq-e (Bla Om) 'bark'
Omotic: Ong ʔaqata 'bark', Mao ḳóḳíšê, Shin ḳooḳ-ra, Moča óqqo id.
Notes: Scarce data.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-lec,afaset-wrz,afaset-omo,afaset-notes,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: ḳḳ 1, ḳḳ.ty 2 (gr)
Meaning: 'peel' 1, 'bark' 2
Bohairic: kūk-i 2
Sahidic: kūk-e 2
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,egyet-bbb,egyet-sss,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *(ʔa-)ḳuḳ-
Meaning: 'bark' 1 , 'empty shell of seed' 2, 'skin' 3
Angas: kuk 3?
Tangale: kuk-ak 2 [JgT]
Kulere: ʔa-ḳuḳ-wɛg 1 [JgR]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-ang,wchet-tng,wchet-klr,
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