Kulung dictionary :

Entry: mikma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: smoke

Nepali: dhūvāṃ.

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *ʔkùn

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: smoke

Sunwar: kun

Tulung: kujku (reduplication)

Kaling: 'mikmö ( < *mi-qun-mǝ?)

Limbu: mi-khōʔ

Kulung: mikma

Yamphu: mäkkhu

Comments: Toba 96 *mikma.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: mi-kho:ʔ

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: smoke

Derivation: [mi fire + < kha:kmaʔ condense cf. kha:kmiʔl, kha:k- wɛʔl, le:gha:k, migha:k, namdziʔkho:ʔ, nɛhikkhɔk] [?]

Comments: (with absolutive suffix: mi-kha:ʔ-in); cf. tɔmaʔ (1).

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: mäkkhu

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: smoke.

Nepali: dhūvā

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ghiw

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: smoke; smell

Chinese: 臭 *khiws smell, fragrance, stench.

Tibetan: dku sweet scent; unpleasant scent.

Burmese: khǝwh smoke, LB *khǝwx.

Kachin: wan¹-khut² smoke, khu³ be smoky.

Lushai: khu (khūk) to smoke, mei-khu smoke, KC *khu (*-khut).

Lepcha: kŭn clouds of smoke; intense black

Kiranti: *ʔkù-n

Comments: PG *mi-ku; Kham kwī; Chepang kuʔ; Newari kuN; Pwo khu; Sgaw khü; BG: Garo wal-ku, Dimasa khu-di; Namsangia van-khu; Nung mǝö; Bunan, Thebor khu; Vayu ku-lu, Bahing ku-ni, Limbu me-ku; Digaro khau ~ khu; Miri mikui. Sh. 44, 427; Ben. 61, 134; Mat. 191, 195.

Chinese characters :

Character: 臭

Modern (Beijing) reading: chòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: khiws

Classic Old Chinese: khiwh

Western Han Chinese: khjǝwh

Eastern Han Chinese: khjǝwh

Early Postclassic Chinese: khjìw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khjìw

Late Postclassic Chinese: khjìw

Middle Chinese: ćhǝ̀w

English meaning : smell, fragrance, stench

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вонь; вонять; провонять; вонючий; 2) дурной, недостойный; дрянной; бесполезный, негодный; 3) поссориться, поругаться; 4) очень крепко (сильно); [xiù] запах; нюхать, обонять

Comments: In MC there also exists a reading xǝ̀w (Mand. xiù) (Jiyün); it is interesting to note that standard Sino-Viet. renders it as khú'u. These are most probably dialectal variants of the original *khiw-s which gave the standard MC reflex ćhǝ̀w (note that Viet. thiu 'stale' is a colloquial reflex of the latter; the standard Sino-Viet. form is xú).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 132

Four-angle index: 4974

Karlgren code: 1088 a-b

Vietnamese reading: thiu

Jianchuan Bai: chu3

Dali Bai: chu3

Bijiang Bai: -ṭhü2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1047

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 臭

MC description : 流開三去宥昌

ZIHUI: 5263 1538

Beijing: c̣hou 3

Jinan: c̣hou 3

Xi'an: c̣hou 3

Taiyuan: chou 3

Hankou: chou 3

Chengdu: chǝu 3

Yangzhou: chôɨ 3

Suzhou: chöy 31

Wenzhou: ćhiu 31

Changsha: c̣hôu 31

Shuangfeng: ćhiû 31

Nanchang: chɛu 2

Meixian: chu 3

Guangzhou: čhau 31

Xiamen: chiu 31

Chaozhou: chau 31

Fuzhou: chieu 31 (lit.); chau 31

Shanghai: chôɨ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: čhiou 3

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳwɨ̆́ŋħV

Meaning: smell; smoke

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ḳ_wɨ̆nħV

Sino-Tibetan: *ghiw

Yenisseian: *gi(ʔ)ŋ

Basque: *(e=)kee

Comments and references : HGC 22, WFR 67.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ḳ_wɨ̆nħV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: smoke

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ḳ:ʷinhi

Proto-Tsezian: *qʷɨ (~*qo)

Proto-Lak: ḳuw

Proto-Dargwa: *k:aw

Proto-Lezghian: *k:un:

Proto-West Caucasian: *ʁʷA

Notes: A widely spread common NC root. Correspondences are fully regular. See Abdokov 1983, 101 (Tsez.: WC).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ḳ:ʷinhi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: smoke

Avar: ḳ:uj

Chadakolob: ḳʷi

Andian language: ḳ:ʷoj

Akhvakh: ḳ:ʷī̃

Tindi: k:ʷĩ

Karata: ḳ:ũji (Tok.)

Bagvalal: ḳ:ũj

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. ḳ:ũj. Av. paradigm A (ḳ:új-dul, ḳ:úja-l).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *qʷɨ (~*qo)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: smoke

Bezhta: qo

Gunzib: qo

Comments: PGB *qo.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ḳuw

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: soot

Lak form: ḳuw

Comments: 4th class. Cf. Khosr. ḳʷa (gen. ḳu-ra-l) id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *k:aw

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: smoke

Akusha: gaw

Comments: Cf. also Ur. gaw, Gapsh. k:aw etc.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *k:un:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 smoke 2 dust

Archi: gun 2

Udi: k:uin 1

Comment: Cf. also Arch. erg. gunne (for PL *-n:), Ud. (MSU) k:üjün. 4th class in Archi. An important Arch.-Ud. isogloss, lost in other Lezgian languages.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʁʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: smoke

Abkhaz: á-l-ʕʷa

Abaza: lʕʷa

Adyghe: ʡʷǝ-ʁʷ

Kabardian: ʡʷǝ-ʁʷa

Ubykh: ʁʷa

Comments: PAT *lǝ-ʕʷa (for the etymology of *lǝ- see *Ła). PAK *ʡʷǝ́-ʁʷa - a compound with an unclear first component. Resemblance to PWC *ʁʷa 'yellow' is of course quite coincidental (despite Шагиров 2, 161).

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *giŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: smell

Kottish: kiŋ

Comments: ССЕ 228. Werner 1, 428.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *kee, *e=kee

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: smoke

Bizkaian: kee, ke, kei-

Gipuzkoan: kee, ke, kei-

High Navarrese: ke, ki, (Ulzama) eke

Low Navarrese: khe, (Baigorri) eke

Salazarese: eke

Lapurdian: khe, ike

Baztanese: eke

Aezkoan: eke

Zuberoan: khe

Roncalese: eke, (Vidángoz) kee

Comments: Cf. *kino 'bad taste' > BNV kino, LAB khino, ZBR khíño, RNC kĩo.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVKMV

Meaning : sky, cloud

Eurasiatic : *HaḳumV

Sino-Caucasian : *ḳwɨ̆́ŋħV

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HaḳumV

Meaning: sky, cloud

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *akVm- (but 'stone' hardly here)

Uralic: *kumV

Kartvelian: *ḳwam-/ḳwm-

Dravidian: *kum-

References: ND 1067 *ḳümV(-Tä) 'fog, mist; cloud' (possibly also 1068a *ḲumʔV 'be hot, smoulder') . May be = *ḳUmV q.v.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *k(')em-er/n-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: sky, cloud

Hittite: kammara- c. 'Wolke, Dunst, Qualm, Rauch' (Tischler 472-473 without convincing etymologies)

Germanic: *xim-in-a-, *xim-il-a- m.

Russ. meaning: небо, облако

References: [Different in Pokorny]

Comments: Cf. *akm- (/-k'-) 'stone, rock, (heaven, cloud)' #24

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xim-in-a-, *xim-il-a- m.

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: { himin-s }

Old Norse: { himin-n }

Old English: heofon

English: heaven

Old Frisian: himul, himel

Old Saxon: himil; hevan

Middle Dutch: hēmel

Dutch: hemel

Middle Low German: hemmel; hēven

Old High German: himil (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: himel st. m. 'himmel; baldachin, trag-, thronhimmel'

German: Himmel m.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 401

Proto: *kumV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: cloud

German meaning: Wolke

Finnish: kumuri 'Wölkchen'

Mordovian: kovol (E) 'Wolke'

Komi (Zyrian): ki̮me̮r, ki̮me̮^.r (S P) 'Wolke', ki̮med- (VO) 'заслонять свет'

Mansi (Vogul): χomχat- (So.) 'nebelig werden'

Hungarian: homály 'Finsternis, Dunkelheit; (altung.) finstere Wolke, Nebel'

Sammalahti's version: *kumala [warum *-la? - EH)

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳwam-/ḳwm-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: дымиться

English meaning: to smoke (intr.)

Georgian: ḳwm-; ḳwaml- 'smoke'

Megrel: ḳum-a

Megrel meaning (Rus.): дым

Megrel meaning (Eng.): smoke

Svan: ḳwām-; ḳwäm 'smoke'

Laz: mḳom-; ḳom-a 'smoke'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 108-109, EWK 193-194. Интересно сравнить с алт. *k`oĺmV 'тень, облако' (связь с ПСК *ḳ_wɨ̆nħV 'дым' представляется менее вероятной).

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kum-

Meaning : smell of embers, smoke

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kumb-/*kUm-

Proto-Telugu : *kumm-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kum-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kumb-/*kUm-

Meaning : hot, charred; smell of ashes

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kumpu (kumpi-)

Tamil meaning : to become charred (as food when boiled with insufficient water)

Tamil derivates : kumpal smell of charred rice; kumpi hot ashes; kumur_u (kumur_i-) to burst with distress; kumai (-v-, -nt-) to be hot, sultry

Malayalam : kumpi, kumpiri

Malayalam meaning : mirage

Malayalam derivates : kumpal inward heat; kummu expr. descriptive of heat; kummal sultriness, mustiness; kumur_uka, kumir_uka to be hot, close; kumur_al oppressive heat; ? kukkuka to be hot; ? kuppu heat

Kannada : kome

Kannada meaning : to begin to burn, as fire or anger

Tulu : kumbi

Tulu meaning : mirage

Tulu derivates : gumulu fire burning in embers; gumuluni to be hot, feel hot as in a fit of fever

Number in DED : 1752

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kumm-

Meaning : smouldering ashes

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kummu

Additional forms : Also kumulu to smoulder, burn slowly underneath without flame, be consumed inwardly, grieve, pine

Number in DED : 1752

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kum-

Meaning : smoke

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kum-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *kum-

Meaning : smoke

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Koya Gondi : kumpōḍ (Su.)

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Hislop kum smoke

Number in DED : 1752

Number in CVOTGD : 763

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