Sino-Tibetan etymology : List with all references

Character: 參

Modern (Beijing) reading: cān

Preclassic Old Chinese: shǝ̄m

Classic Old Chinese: shǝ̄m

Western Han Chinese: shǝ̄m

Eastern Han Chinese: shǝ̄m

Early Postclassic Chinese: shǝ̄m

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shǝ̄m

Late Postclassic Chinese: shǝ̄m

Middle Chinese: chʌm

English meaning : be a unit of three, be threefold

Russian meaning[s]: 1) участвовать; принять участие; 2) посетить, явиться на аудиенцию; 3) обвинить, вынести обвинение, осудить, признать виновным (чиновника контрольными органами); 4) испытать, проверить; [shēn] 1) жэньшэнь; 2) трепанги; 3) Орион (созвездие); [sān] три (прописное начертание)

Shuowen gloss: 商星也.從晶.�聲.

Comments: The character is used for three different words:

1) *srǝm, MC ṣim (FQ 所今), Mand. shēn, Viet. sâm 'name of a constellation of seven stars, Orion'. This is the basic meaning of the graph as defined in Shuowen (although Shuowen's considering ** as phonetic is certainly erroneous: the phonetic is most probably 三 *sǝ̄m). (also used in the plant name: 人參 'ginseng').

2) *shǝ̄m, MC chлm, Mand. cān 'be a unit of three, be threefold; to accumulate ( < *'to gather a threesome unit'?)'. This word is most obviously related etymologically to 三 *sǝ̄m 'three' q.v.

3) *shrǝm, MC c̣him (FQ 楚簪), Mand. cēn 'be uneven, irregular'. This reading is used in the compound 參差 *shrǝm-shraj 'be graduated, of different length'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 28

Four-angle index: 4122

Karlgren code: 0647 a-b

Vietnamese reading: tham

Shijing occurrences: 1.2, 21.2

Number: 1113

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 參

MC description : A: 深開三平侵初; B: 深開三平侵生; C: 咸開一平覃清

ZIHUI: A: 0639 2045; B: 0639 2068; C: 0639 1698

Beijing: A: chǝn 11; B: ṣǝn 11; C: chan 11

Jinan: A: chẽ 11; B: ṣẽ 11; chã 11

Xi'an: A: chẽ 11; B: sẽ 11; chã 11

Taiyuan: A: chǝŋ 1; B: sǝŋ 1; C: chä̃ 1

Hankou: A: chǝn 11; B: sǝn 11; C: chan 11

Chengdu: A: chǝn 11; B: sǝn 11; C: chan 11

Yangzhou: A: chǝn 11; B: sǝn 11; C: chɛ̃ 11

Suzhou: A: chǝn 11; B: sǝn 11; C: chö 11

Wenzhou: A: chö 11; B: saŋ 11; C: chö 11

Changsha: A: chǝn 11; B: sǝn 11; C: chan 11

Shuangfeng: A: chiɛ̃ 11; B: śiɛ̃ 11; C: chã 11

Nanchang: A: ; B: sɛn 11; C: chan 11

Meixian: A: cham 11; B: sɛm 11; C: cham 11

Guangzhou: A: čham 11; B: šam 11; C: čhām 11

Xiamen: A: chim 11; B: sɔm 11; C: cham 11

Chaozhou: A: chim 11; B: siǝm 11; C: cham 11

Fuzhou: A: chaŋ 11; B: seiŋ 11; C: chaŋ 11

Shanghai: A: sǝŋ 3; B: sǝŋ 3; C: chö 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: A: ; B: sǝm 1; C: cham 1

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Chinese characters :

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