Sino-Tibetan etymology : List with all references

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ć(r)ēmH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cut, chop

Chinese: 斬 *ćrǝ̄mʔ ( ~ -ēmʔ) cut off, cut down.

Lushai: čem chopper used for wood-cutting.

Comments: Cf. PAA *cVm 'chop'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 斬

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhǎn

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćrāmʔ

Classic Old Chinese: crā́m

Western Han Chinese: c̣ā́m

Eastern Han Chinese: c̣ā́m

Early Postclassic Chinese: c̣ạ̄́m

Middle Postclassic Chinese: c̣ạ̄́m

Late Postclassic Chinese: c̣ạ̄́m

Middle Chinese: c̣ạ̈́m

English meaning : to cut off, cut up, destroy

Russian meaning[s]: 1) обезглавить; казнить; отрубить; отрезать; 2) прекратить, оборвать; 3) разом, вместе; все как один; 4) см. 嶄

Comments: The MC reading would rather point to *ćrēmʔ; however, both xiesheng and rhymes point to *ćrāmʔ with irregular MC development. Viet. chém is colloquial; regular Sino-Viet. is tra`m.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 69

Four-angle index: 1992

Karlgren code: 0611 a

Vietnamese reading: chém

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Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1187

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 斬

MC description : 咸開二上豏莊

ZIHUI: 2447 1711

Beijing: c̣an 2

Jinan: c̣ã 2

Xi'an: cã 2

Taiyuan: cä̃ 2

Hankou: can 2

Chengdu: can 2

Yangzhou: cɛ̃ 2

Suzhou: ce_ 2

Wenzhou: ca 21

Changsha: can 2

Shuangfeng: cã 2

Nanchang: can 2

Meixian: cam 2

Guangzhou: čām 21

Xiamen: cam 2

Chaozhou: cam 21

Fuzhou: caŋ 2

Shanghai: ce_ 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: čam 2

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ič̣wĔ́n- ( ~ šṭ)

Meaning: to cleave, chop

North Caucasian: *=ič̣wĔn ( ~ -ä-)

Sino-Tibetan: *ć(r)ēmH

Comments and references : WFR 132.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ič̣wĔn ( ~ -ä-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to cleave, cut, incise

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *č̣ʷVn-

Proto-Tsezian: *=ič̣ʷ-

Proto-West Caucasian: *(Pǝ)č̣́V

Notes: The etymology seems satisfactory, although it is sometimes hard to distinguish between the reflexes of this root and PNC *=ä̆nć̣Ĕ 'to crush, break' q.v.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *č̣ʷVn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to flay,strip 3 to cleave

Akhvakh: č̣ʷab- 2

Chamalal: č̣un-al- 3

Comments: The Akhv. form is probably denasalized < *č̣ʷam- < *č̣ʷan-. It is necessary to keep this root (with labialised *č̣ʷ) apart from PA *=ič̣- / *č̣in- 'to kill; break, split' q.v., although they are close semantically and phonetically and could have partially merged in some languages (it concerns, in particular, the Av. form č̣ʷa- 'to kill' which is probably a contamination of these two roots).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=ič̣ʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to cut, chop

Tsezi: =eč̣ʷ-

Ginukh: =oc̣-

Khvarshi: =ič̣-

Inkhokvari: =ič̣-

Bezhta: =üč̣- (Tlad.)

Gunzib: =uč̣-

Comments: PTsKh *=ič̣ʷ-; PGB *=uč̣- (cf. also Bezht. Khosh. =üč̣-).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *(Pǝ)č̣́V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to cut, to incise

Adyghe: wǝ-ṗč̣́a-ta-n

Kabardian: wǝ-ṗṣ́a-ta-n

Ubykh: q́ǝ-č̣́-

Comments: PAK *wǝ-ṗč̣́a-ta-; there are also other compounds like *pǝ-wǝ-ṗč̣́ǝ- (Ad. pǝwǝṗč̣́ǝ-n, Kab. pǝwǝṗṣ́ǝ-n) 'to cut off'. Ub. a-s-q̇ǝ-č̣́ǝ́-n (q̇ǝ- < q̇a-, preverb meaning 'hand').

Despite Shagirov 2, 53 PAK *ṗč̣́a-/ *ṗč̣́ǝ- 'to cut, incise' should be kept apart from the homonymous *ṗč̣́a- 'to weed', which has its own etymology (q.v.). We should note that the semantic development 'to cut' > 'to weed', proposed by Shagirov, is highly unlikely (the basic idea of weeding is doing it by hand, not by knife or any other instrument).