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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʒ́ā
Meaning: go, advance
Tibetan: ćha to go.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 徂
Modern (Beijing) reading: cú
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́(h)ā
Classic Old Chinese: ʒ(h)ā
Western Han Chinese: ʒ(h)ā
Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ(h)ā
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)ō
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)ō
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)ō
Middle Chinese: ʒo
English meaning : to go, go away, march; to pass away, die
Russian meaning[s]: 1) уйти; направиться; 2) достичь; 3) умереть
Radical: 60
Four-angle index: 600
Karlgren code: 0046 |i ́
Shijing occurrences: 58.4
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ić̣(w)Ĕ́
Meaning: to go, come
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=ić̣wĔ
Meaning: to come; to return
Proto-West Caucasian: *ǯ́ǝ Notes: The EC-WC comparison belongs to Trubetzkoy (1930, 278). Except for the loss of labialisation (which sometimes happens in verbal WC roots - possibly because of interaction with class prefixes) correspondences are regular, and the etymology seems plausible. Some forms (Av. orč̣-, PN *=erc̣-) reflect a variant with infixed (probably durative) *-r-; one can also compare Urart. erc̣- 'to return' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 45).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *=erc̣-
Meaning: to turn, return
Chechen: =erz-
Batsbi: =erc̣-
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-bcb,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=Vč̣ʷV-
Meaning: 1 to come 2 to walk, flow
Avar: =ač̣-in- 1
Chadakolob: =ač̣- 1
Chamalal: č̣ʷV- (Gad.) 2
Comments: Cf. also Av. =orč̣- 'run out, break out'. The Cham. root is attested only in the Gad. expression č̣ʷa-r-da ide 'walks, flows'. Av. =ač̣-, Av. =orč̣- and Cham. č̣ʷa- reflect different Ablaut grades; the evidence is not enough to securely reconstruct the root vowel.The -n-conjugation in Av. is obviously secondary (cf. its absence in Chad.).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-chm,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *-ič̣-
Meaning: to get into, sit in
Bezhta: t-ič̣- (Tlad.)
Gunzib: g-ič̣-
Comments: Cf. also Gunz. t-ič̣- "go down (of the sun)". PGB *-ič̣- (with different preverbs).
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: =u=č̣a-
Meaning: to go down
Lak form: =u=č̣a-n
Comments: G. pr. =u=č̣u-n. Cf. Khosr. =u=č̣a-n (=u=č̣undi) 'to come, arrive ('приезжать' as opposed to =u=č̣a-n, =u=ḳundi 'приходить' q.v.), to put in'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=ac̣-
Meaning: to go down
Akusha: ka=ac̣-es
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔič̣ʷä-
Meaning: 1 to come in, enter 2 to come out 3 to come down
Lezghian: eq:-eč̣- 2
Tabasaran: u=č̣̌- 1
Agul: uč̣- 1
Rutul: ä=č̣ʷa- 1
Tsakhur: iḳ-e=č̣e- 1
Kryz: q:ä=č̣- 2
Budukh: ʕ-a=č̣- 1,3
Archi: č̣u- 1
Udi: b-aj- 1
Comment: PL Ablaut *ʔič̣ʷä- / *ʔäč̣ʷä-. The first variant is reflected in Tab., Ag., Arch. (č̣u- < *ič̣u-), cf. also Rut. k-u=č̣-es/k-u=č̣ʷa-s 'to begin'; the second variant - in Lezg., Rut. (ä=č̣ʷa-s), Tsakh., Kryz., Bud. and Ud. (with regular loss of -č̣-), cf. also Arch. a=č̣a-s (dur. =arč̣u-r) 'to hide'. The verb belongs to the strong conjugation and is used in all languages mostly in conjunction with locative preverbs. See Гигинейшвили 1977, 82.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: -c̣i-
North Caucasian etymology: 562
Meaning: to come in
Khinalug form: -c̣i-ʁi
Comments: Used only with preverbs (al-c̣i-ʁi, a-c̣i-ʁi, tal-c̣i-ʁi etc.).
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,khinet-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *ǯ́ǝ
Meaning: 1 (to move) back 2 to return
Adyghe: -ž́ǝ- 1
Kabardian: -žǝ- 1
Ubykh: jǝ-ǯ́(ǝ)- 2
Comments: PAK *ǯ́ǝ (the morpheme is treated as a "suffix of reverse action", see Shagirov 2, 76, and is used in compounds with other verbal roots); Ub. sǝ́-j-ǯ́ǝ-n (another Ub. compound with the same root is ʎaq̇a-ǯ́(ǝ)-, sǝ-ʎaq̇á-ǯ́ "to go after smb." (ʎaq̇á 'trace').
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *ʒ̣ó-
Meaning: come
Yasin: ʒ̣ó-
Hunza: ʒ̣ú-
Nagar: ʒ̣ú-
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *e=aući
Meaning: 1 to go down, descend 2 to throw
Araban: jatsi 1
Bizkaian: (arc) jatsi 1
Gipuzkoan: jatsi, jatxi, jetsi, jetxi 1, 2
High Navarrese: jautsi, jatsi, jatxi, jetxi 1
Low Navarrese: jautsi, jeutsi, jeitsi 1, (Garazi) deutsi 1
Salazarese: sauntsi 1
Lapurdian: jautsi 1
Aezkoan: sautsi 1
Zuberoan: jaitsi, jatsi 1
Roncalese: xatxi 1
Comments: Cf. PNC *=ić̣wĔ 'to come; to return' (Lak =u=č̣a-n- 'to go down', etc.). Pyrenean forms (xatxi, sautsi, sauntsi) are by sibilant assimilation after the change of /j/ > /ž/ > /š/ (> /ś/).
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-arb,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-azk,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : CVHV
Meaning : to go, come
African (misc.) : Cf. Macro-Khoisan *ci "to come". Reference : ND 2765, 2766. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-afr,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ʒwVHV
Meaning: to go, come, drive
References: ND 2765 *ʒ́iXV 'to go, come' (Alt. + SH), 2766 *ʒ[U]χU 'to lead, drive' (Kartv. + Drav.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ǯi ( ~ *ǯi̯a)
Meaning: to come
Russian meaning: приходить
Comments: EAS 52, KW 484, SKE 32. A Western isogloss; Ramstedt compares also Kor. -ti- (mod. -či-) 'to become', in which case the reconstruction should be changed to *di. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *jẹt-
Meaning: to reach
Russian meaning: достигать
Old Turkic: jet- (OUygh.)
Turkish: jet-
Tatar: ǯit-
Uzbek: jet-
Uighur: jät-
Sary-Yughur: jet-, jit-
Azerbaidzhan: jet-iš-
Turkmen: jet-
Khakassian: čit-
Shor: čet-
Oyrat: jät-, d́et-
Chuvash: śit-
Yakut: sit-
Dolgan: hit-
Tuva: če`t-
Kirghiz: ǯet-
Kazakh: žet-
Noghai: jet-
Bashkir: jet-
Balkar: ǯet-, zet-
Gagauz: jet-
Karaim: jet-
Karakalpak: žet-
Salar: jet-
Kumyk: jet-
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *ǯid-kü-
Meaning: to strive
Russian meaning: стремиться, стараться
Written Mongolian: ǯidkü- (L 1049), ǯüdkü- Middle Mongolian: ǯidku- (MA 205) Khalkha: ʒütge-
Kalmuck: zütkǝ-
Ordos: ǯüdχü-
Comments: KW 484. Mong. > Kirgh. jütkün- 'erregt sein' (KW 116). monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ǯi- ( ~ *di-)
Meaning: to come
Russian meaning: приходить
Spoken Manchu: ǯi- (1172)
Literary Manchu: ǯi-
Jurchen: di-xexe-gi (678), di-hul (712)
Ulcha: diwu
Nanai: ǯi-
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-chu,tunget-ulc,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ʒ́eɣw- / *ʒ́ɣw-
Russian meaning: предшествовать, идти впереди
English meaning: to preceed, go first
Georgian: ʒeɣv-, ʒɣ(v)-
Megrel: (n)ǯɣ(v)-
Svan: žɣw-, žoɣw-
Laz: nǯɣ-
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 240, 241, EWK 487-488. (кауз. *ʒ́ɣw-an- 'посылать).
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-sva,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *śō-
Meaning : to get out; to drive away
Proto-South Dravidian: *śō- Proto-North Dravidian : *cōj- Notes : Some Gondwan forms placed under the root *soṛ[o]- can also belong here (Konda sō-, etc.)
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-ndr,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *śō-
Tamil : ōppu (ōppi-)
Tamil meaning : to drive away, cause to flee, scare away as birds
Tamil derivates : īcc-ōppi fly-flapper; ōccu (ōcci-) to drive away, chase, cause to go
Kannada : sō, sōvu, sōhu
Kannada meaning : to drive off, chase away, scare away
Kannada derivates : sōhu beating, driving, chasing; (PBh.) sōvali chasing away, driving off
Number in DED : 2878
sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *cō-p-
Meaning : to dissipate or scatter, scare away, strike off, do away, send away
Telugu : cōpu (B)
Telugu (Krishnamurti) : cōpu
Number in DED : 2878
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-tel_kr,telet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *cōj-
Meaning : to rise
Kurukh : coʔonā (cōcas) "to rise, get up, be built up or erected, rise in the air, in fame, in value, rebel, bulge out, be produced, appear"
Malto : coye "to get up, rise, start"
Additional forms : Also KUR cōdnā to lift up, raise, erect; MLT coytre to raise up, awake, begin a song.
Number in DED : 2867
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-addition,ndret-dednum,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaʔ-/*ʒaw-
Meaning: go, come
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: zꜣw (AE)
Meaning: 'go slowly, crawl'
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *ʒaw-
Meaning: 1 'come', 2 'enter'
Hausa: zṓ 1
Warji: zau 2 {SkNb]
Kariya: zau 2 {SkNb]
Miya: za- [Sk]
Pa'a: za 2 {SkNb]
Siri: za [Sk]
Mburku: zā- 2 {SkNb]
Jimbin: za- 2 {SkNb]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-hsa,wchet-wrj,wchet-kry,wchet-miy,wchet-paa,wchet-sir,wchet-mbu,wchet-jmb,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *zuw-
Meaning: 'walk'
Ngwaxi: ʒùwé < *ǯ
Fali Gili: ʒǝ̀y < ǯ *
Fali Jilvu: ʒù [Kr: 10] <* ǯ
Fali Muchella: ǯu [Kr: 20] < ǯ *
Logone: zuwa [LLog]
Notes: all the roots with initial affricate originate either from ǯ, or from *d (cp. HSED 2668 *ǯV
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-ngw,cchet-fag,cchet-faj,cchet-fam,cchet-log,cchet-notes,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *ʔi-ʒaw-
Meaning: 'accompany'
Migama: ʔí-záw [JMig]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-mig,
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