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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *k(r)ā̆w
Meaning: high, elevate
Burmese: khauh to exalt, protrude, LB *s-ko big
Kachin: (H) grau to exalt, promote, elevate.
Comments: Cf. also Sichuan *kV 'big'.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 喬
Modern (Beijing) reading: qiáo
Preclassic Old Chinese: g(r)aw
Classic Old Chinese: g(r)aw
Western Han Chinese: g(r)aw
Eastern Han Chinese: g(r)aw
Early Postclassic Chinese: gew
Middle Postclassic Chinese: gew
Late Postclassic Chinese: gew
Middle Chinese: gew
English meaning : be tall
Russian meaning[s]: 1) высокий; возвышенный; величественный; 2) гордый, заносчивый; 3) маскироваться под..., гримироваться, рядиться; 4) Цяо (фамилия)
Shuowen gloss: 高而曲也.從夭.從高省.
Comments: For initial *g- cf. Xiamen kiau2, Fuzhou kieu2 (Chaozhou khiǝu2 is secondary). The character is also used in inscriptions as a loan for 鷮 *kaw / *gaw 'a k. of pheasant'. See 高.
Radical: 115
Four-angle index: 3758
Karlgren code: 1138 a-b
Shijing occurrences: 9.1
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1354
Character: 喬
MC description : 效開三平宵群
ZIHUI: 0829 1466
Beijing: ćhiau 12
Jinan: ćhiɔ 12
Xi'an: ćhiau 12
Taiyuan: ćhiau 1
Hankou: ćhiau 12
Chengdu: ćhiau 12
Yangzhou: ćiɔ 12
Suzhou: ʒ́iä 12
Wenzhou: ʒ́iɛ 12
Changsha: ćiau 12
Shuangfeng: ʒ́iǝ 12
Nanchang: ćhiɛu 12
Meixian: khiau 12
Guangzhou: khiu 12
Xiamen: kiau 12
Chaozhou: khiǝu 12
Fuzhou: kieu 12
Shanghai: ćiɔ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: khiau 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HŭxqwV́
Meaning: long, big
Comments and references : HGC 20. The 5th tone in Ket could point to *ʔuʔx-, but may well be a misrecording. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=HŭqVn ( ~ -ŏ-)
Meaning: long, big
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Gemination in PN is expressive.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *=aqqu-n
Meaning: big
Chechen: =oqqa
Ingush: =oqqa
Batsbi: =aqqõ
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: qun-
Meaning: big
Lak form: qun-ma-s:a
Comments: Lak. qun-ma- 'big' is very close to quna- 'big, grown up', but historically this is a secondary rapprochement of two roots (see PEC *-ŏnqV(lV) 'old').
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=uqIVn-
Meaning: long
Akusha: =uqIaIna
Chiragh: =uqIuni-ze
Comments: Cf. also Kait. =uqIani-l, Kharb. uqena id.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔux-
Meaning: long
Ket: ug-dǝ5, pl. ugdeŋ (Castr. JO ugśi)
Yug: ug-dǝ
Kottish: ui "long, length"; (Бол.) ujga "long (adv.)"
Arin: u-ta (Лоск.) "long (adv.)" [-ta is probably a suffix, as in pata "far"]
Comments: ССЕ 201. Werner 2, 323 <*ug(ǝ) / *ug-dǝ>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVKV
Meaning : long, high
Austric : PAN *laŋkaw, -kaw 'high, tall'
Amerind (misc.) : *yaq 'up' (R 807) Reference : Sag. 20, GE 63 *kaw (only Chin.-AN). globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *HVgU
Meaning: rise, stand up
Comments: ? Cf. PU *ukV 'head, top' ? nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-drav,nostret-chuk,nostret-notes,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *i̯úgu
Meaning: up, above
Russian meaning: верх, наверху
Comments: EAS 146-147, Poppe 60, Rozycki 222 (Mong.-Tung.), Martin 247, Menges 1984, 291, АПиПЯЯ 15, 81, SKE 284. This is a well known Altaic root, and the Mong.-Tung.-Kor. match seems undeniable. Doerfer first tried to abolish the obvious Mong.-Tung. parallel by attempting to postulate the original meaning in Mong. as "opposite" (see TMN 1, 168-169), then included it into his list of Mong.>Tung. borrowings (Doerfer MT 25): both positions are certainly untenable. However, the Turkic and Japanese reflexes here are not devoid of problems. The Turkic reflex reveals an exceptional preservation of *i̯u- as jü- (regularly *ɨg- would be expected) - which may be explained by the inner Turkic confusion of the synonymous roots *jüg- and *jok- ( < *ŋi̯ṑk`è q. v.). The Japanese match can be (and has been traditionally) explained as a compound of *u- 'top' with *pa (*ba) 'place' (v. sub *bi̯ŏ̀ga). However, in case of a compound we would rather expect *u-m-pa. It should be also noticed that the form *úpa- itself is very frequent as a first component of compounds, while the root *ú- alone is never attested. This all may mean that the Japanese form actually reflects a different root (with a medial labial consonant), or a merger of PA *i̯ugu with some different root. Such a root may be perhaps discovered in TM (*ebu-ri- 'to lift, raise', see ТМС 2, 471) and Mong. (Kh. övx- 'to rise'), with a provisional reconstruction of PA *ébu {(*épu)}. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *jüg-
Meaning: 1 upwards 2 to rise 3 hill 4 high
Russian meaning: 1 вверх, наверх 2 подниматься 3 холм 4 высокий
Old Turkic: jügerü (Orkh., OUygh.) 1
Karakhanid: jükse- 2 (MK) Turkish: jüksel- 2, jüǯe, (dial.) jüg, jüǯek, jügǯek, jüvǯek 3
Middle Turkic: jüksät- 2 (Houts.), jüče 4 (AH) Azerbaidzhan: jüksäl- 2, uǯa 4
Gagauz: ǖsel- 2
Karaim: öksel- 2
Comments: EDT 915, ЭСТЯ 4, 263-264. The form *jügerü is replaced in most modern languages by a back row variant *jokaru, *jokgaru (see ЭСТЯ 4, 213-214); this may be due to a contamination with a synonymous root *jok "up, above" (see ЭСТЯ 4, 215). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-chg,turcet-azb,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *öɣe-, *ög-se-
Meaning: 1 upwards 2 to rise, ascend
Russian meaning: 1 наверх 2 подниматься
Written Mongolian: ögede (L 630) 1, ögse- (L 632) 2 Middle Mongolian: o'e-de (SH) 1 Khalkha: ȫd 1, ögsö- 2
Buriat: ȫde 1, ügse- 2
Kalmuck: ȫdǝ 1, öksǝ- 2
Ordos: ȫdö 1
Dongxian: oǯie 1
Baoan: odǝ 1
Mogol: öädä; ZM udä (18-6a) monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ug-
Meaning: 1 above, up 2 to mount
Russian meaning: 1 верх, наверху 2 садиться верхом
Evenki: uɣī 1, uɣ- 2
Even: öɣъ- 1, ū- 2
Negidal: uvi- ~ uɣi- 1, okča-lā- 2
Literary Manchu: ve-si- 1
Jurchen: wi-si (594) 1
Ulcha: uji- 1, ụ̄- 2
Orok: ui, uwu 1, ụ̄- 2
Nanai: uwu-j 1, ō- 2
Oroch: ui-si 1, ū- 2
Udighe: ui- 1, ū-na- 2
Solon: uɣe-sxī 1, ugu- 2
Comments: ТМС 2, 243-244, 245-246. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-chu,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *ùh
Meaning: up, above
Russian meaning: верх, наверху
Modern Korean: wi
Middle Korean: ù (ùh-)
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *ú-pa-
Meaning: up, above
Russian meaning: верх, наверху
Old Japanese: u-pe
Middle Japanese: ú-fe
Tokyo: ué, ùe
Kyoto: úé
Kagoshima: ué
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *eg- (*n-)
Meaning : to jump; fly
Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *neg- Notes : Possibly two contaminated roots.
dravet-meaning,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *neg-, *Iv-
Meaning : to rise; to fly
Tamil : niva (-pp-, -nt-)
Tamil meaning : to rise, be elevated, grow, spread, overflow
Tamil derivates : nivar (-v-, -nt-) to rise high; nivappu elevation, height; ivar (-v-, -nt-) to rise on high, ascend, spring, leap, rush out, climb over, mount; iya (-pp-, -nt-) to pass beyond, excel, transcend; iyakkam greatness, excellence
Malayalam : nikakka
Malayalam meaning : to rise
Malayalam derivates : ivaram height; ivaruka to rise up; ivarttuka to lift, raise; ekaruka to ascend, rise; ekarttuka, ekattuka to lift, raise; ekaram height, uphill
Kannada : nege, nese
Kannada meaning : to rise, ascend, go upward, jump
Kannada derivates : negapu, negavu to lift up, hold uplifted; negasu to cause to jump or jump over; egaru to rise, fly, jump; egarisu to cause to rise, cause to fly, cause to jump, shoplift; egarike jumping; egu rising, embarkation; egā digā up and down; (Hav.) neggu to lift
Kodagu : nekkura
Kodagu meaning : cliff
Tulu : negiyuni
Tulu meaning : to rise, come up
Tulu derivates : negipuni to leap, jump, spring up; negapuni to overflow; negattụ overflowing
Miscellaneous : KOR (M) negɨ to lift
Notes : Two roots here, one with the meaning 'to rise' (*neg-), the other with the meaning 'to jump' (*Iv-). Both have been contaminated to the point of unrecognizability.
Number in DED : 3730
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-misc,sdret-notes,sdret-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *(n)eg-
Meaning : to fly, go up, rise up, jump
Telugu : negayu
Dialectal forms (1) : egayu
Dialectal forms (2) : nevayu
Telugu (Krishnamurti) : eydu "to fly"
Additional forms : Also [1] negavu, [2] egavu flying, flight; eguru, (K also) evuru to fly, jump up; n. flying, flight, jump; eguva the top; eguvu flying, flight of bird; egupu flight, increase; [1] egu, [2] eguḍu high, raised; egayincu to toss up; egacu to cause to fly; egirincu to toss up, cause to fly; ega upwards; ega diga up and down; egumati embarkation, putting goods on board of a ship, exportation; egudala the upper or higher part or region (as of a river); increase, rise
Number in DED : 3730
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-tel_2,telet-tel_3,telet-tel_kr,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *neg-
Meaning : to fly; jump
Kolami : negay- (negayt-) "to fly"
Naikri : negay- "to fly, rise"
Naiki : egur- "to jump"
Additional forms : Also Kolami negap- (negapt-) to make to fly; Naikri negap- to make to fly or rise
Number in DED : 3730
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-naikri,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-addition,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *egr_i-
Meaning : to dance
Notes : Bisyllabic root.
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kon,gndet-notes,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *egr-
Meaning : to dance
Seoni Gondi : egr-
Additional forms : Also Gondi_S egermuṛ a dance
Number in DED : 3730
Number in CVOTGD : 333
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_s,gonet-addition,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : egr_i- (-t-)
Meaning: to fly (as a bird)
Number in DED : 3730
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,
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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'iɣʷǝ-
Meaning (Rus.): высокий
kamet-prnum,kamet-meaning,kamet-chuk,kamet-itel,
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Chukchee-Koryak etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *iffǝ- (~ ị)
Meaning (Rus.): высокий 1, стоячее дерево 2
Chukchee: íkwǝ- 1, ikw-úttuut 2
Comments: Ср. кор. ewiv-ǝk 'стать на дыбы' (РКС 116).
chuket-prnum,chuket-meaning,chuket-chu,chuket-comments,
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Itelmen etymology :
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Proto-Itelmen: *'eɣʷ-s-, *t-eɣʷ-(s-) EI
Meaning (Rus.): подниматься, залезть наверх
Itelmen: 'ef-s-kes (t-'efs-kičen 1sg. perf., k-'efs-xč 2sg. imper., k-'efs-knen 3sg. perf.) 1, 'ef-s-no-m 2, t-ef-s-es (t-tefs-čen 1sg.3sg. perf.) 3
Itelmen meaning: подниматься, взбираться, залезать (наверх) 1, подъем 2, поднять наверх 3
West Itelmen: k-iɣti-'in part. 1, k-in-tewi-kin part. 2
West Itelmen meaning: altus, formosus 1, sceleratus 2
West Itelmen meaning (Polish): wysoki, dorodny 1, występny 2
Number in Volodin 1976: 25, 50, 68, 202
Comments: Основа с аффиксом -s(e)- глаголов, образованных от прилагательных, со значением 'стать высоким'.
itelet-prnum,itelet-meaning,itelet-ite,itelet-itemea,itelet-wit,itelet-witmea,itelet-witmep,itelet-vol,itelet-comments,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaʔ-
Meaning: rise
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-agw,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 895
Proto-Semitic: *gVʔVy-
Meaning: 'rise' 1, 'be high' 2
Hebrew: gʔy 1
Aramaic: gǝʔa 2
Notes: Triliteral formation based on *gVʔ-
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-arm,semet-notes,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *gayV-
Meaning: 'climb' 1, 'lift' 2
Pa'a: ga(i) 2 [MS}
Ngizim: gā̀yú 1 [ShN]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-paa,wchet-ngz,
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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :
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Proto-Agaw: *gwiʔ-
Meaning: 'be high'
Bilin: gwe
Khamir: gwe
Qwara: gwe
Dembea: gwe
Qemant: gwee
agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-bil,agwet-xmr,agwet-kwr,agwet-dmb,agwet-kem,
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