Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rē̆w(H)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: heat, burn

Chinese: 燎 *r_ēws, *r_ew, *r_ews burnt-offering; torch; flame, burn; brilliant.

Tibetan: dro be warm, sro to warm, dron warm, drod warmth, heat.

Burmese: hrǝwʔ to set on fire, burn.

Kachin: khru² to burn, be consumed by fire; gǝrau¹ to dry, by placing over a fire.

Lushai: roʔ to heat, roast, bake or cook in the fire.

Kiranti: *ghrV̀

Comments: Cf. Miju gri, Taraon xraɨ, Naga *rV 'burn'; perhaps also some TB forms for 'ashes': Bokar mǝ rē, Muya (Sichuan) râ etc.

Chinese characters :

Character: 燎

Modern (Beijing) reading: liào

Preclassic Old Chinese: r(h)ēws

Classic Old Chinese: r(h)ēwh

Western Han Chinese: r(h)jāwh

Eastern Han Chinese: r(h)iāwh

Early Postclassic Chinese: l(h)iḕw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: l(h)iḕw

Late Postclassic Chinese: l(h)iḕw

Middle Chinese: lìew

English meaning : burnt-offering; torch; flame, burn; brilliant

Russian meaning[s]: 1) жечь, сжигать; разжигать (огонь); охватывать, распространяться (о пламени); гореть; 2) печь, жарить; 3) ясный, светлый; [liáo] ожог; [liǎo] палить, опаливать (шерсть)

Comments: Also read *r(h)ew, MC lew, *r(h)ew-s, MC lèw id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 86

Four-angle index: 8239

Karlgren code: 1151 e

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *ghrV̀

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: burn

Sunwar: gra-ca burn, light (itr.)

Tulung: ghrü- (AS ghru-) burn (itr) (of wood or flesh)

Kaling: ghränä (ghrä) burn, flash, shine; 'ghrännä ('ghrättu) light,burn (tr.) (<*ghrV́t-)

Kulung: khuima (?); huima

Comments: Toba 88 *ghray-.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: khuima

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt-5 [1: khut- 2: khutt- 3: khui- 4: khun- 5: khu:-]

Meaning: singe the skin of a slaughtered pig.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HVrV

Meaning: burn

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *rē̆w(H)

Basque: *er̄e

Comments and references : Cf. *=VhwV, *hwēri .

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *er̄e

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: burn

Bizkaian: erre

Gipuzkoan: erre

High Navarrese: erre

Low Navarrese: erre, (arc) erra

Lapurdian: erre

Zuberoan: érre, érra

Roncalese: erre

Comments: Cf. *er̄-hauć, *hauś-t-=er̄e 'ashes, dust', under *hauć.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVRV

Meaning : light, burn

Eurasiatic : *Howri

Afroasiatic : *ʔur- (also *ʔur- 'burn, be hot'); Sem. *ħVwr- 'bright, white'; SSem *ʔary- moon (also SH *ḥir- star, Berb. *jur- moon), Sem *warχ- / *yarχ- moon, Eg. i'ʕħ id.

Sino-Caucasian : *=VhwV, *HVrV, *hwēri (perhaps two roots)

Austric : PAN *waRi 'day, sun, dry in the sun'; PAA *hiej moon

Notes : Cf. HVRV 'early, morning'.

Reference : ND 74, 2603. A lot of confusion that has to be sorted out (in Austric cf. also *ʔrVw dry, PAA *ʔur 'warm').

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *Howri

Meaning: light, burn

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ărew-

Altaic: *obri

Uralic: Sam. *(j)irV 'moon' ?

Dravidian: *eri-

Eskimo-Aleut: *ur-(tǝ-)

References: ND 74 *ʔu[w]rV 'light, fire' (some confusion with *wVrV q.v.); 2603 *χ[aw(a)]rE 'bright, white'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *(a)rew-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: sun, moon

Hittite: arma- c. 'Mond, Monat', Lyk. arma-, erme-, erm̃me-, Lyd. armTa- 'des Arm(a)ś' (Tischler 62 without etymology)

Old Indian: ravi- m. `sun'

Armenian: arev `Sonne'

Russ. meaning: солнце

References: WP II 358 f

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *obri ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dawn

Russian meaning: белый, светлый; рассвет

Turkic: *ürüŋ (*örüŋ)

Mongolian: *öwr

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)oru-

Comments: KW 298, VEWT 375, АПиПЯЯ 288. A Western isogloss.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ürüŋ (*örüŋ)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 white 2 dawn

Russian meaning: 1 белый 2 рассвет

Old Turkic: ürüŋ 1 (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: ürüŋ 1 (MK, KB)

Turkish: ürün 'milk, yoghurt'

Middle Turkic: ürüŋ (Sangl.) 1

Halaj: hirin, hürün 1

Yakut: ürüŋ 1, örüös, ürüös 'белая кайма на морде'

Dolgan: ürüŋ 1

Kirghiz: ürüŋ baraŋ 2

Comments: EDT 233-4, Лексика 601, Stachowski 253.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *öwr

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dawn

Russian meaning: рассвет

Written Mongolian: ör (L 1010: ür, 1014: üür)

Middle Mongolian: ur (MA 382)

Khalkha: ǖr

Buriat: ǖr

Kalmuck: ör

Ordos: örö, ör

Baoan: or

Dagur: ur

Shary-Yoghur: ojir

Monguor: ōr (SM 298)

Comments: KW 298, MGCD 686.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)oru-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to flame up

Russian meaning: вспыхнуть

Evenki: orumna-

Comments: ТМС 2, 25. Attested only in Evk., with possible parallels in Turk. and Mong.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *er-i-

Meaning : to light, burn

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *er-i-

Proto-Telugu : *ē̆r-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *er-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *eri-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *er-i-

Meaning : to burn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : eri (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to burn, blaze, shine, (sore or fever) burns, suffer a painful emotion

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to burn, consume by fire, scorch in flame; n. fire, flame, brightness; ericcal burning, heating, burning sensation, pungency, anger, jealousy; erippu burning, pungency, envy; eriyal burning, shining; that which is burnt, as charred food at the bottom of a vessel in cooking; (PR) eriyam phosphorus; erivu burning, heat, anger, jealousy

Malayalam : eri

Malayalam meaning : heat, burning, pungency

Malayalam derivates : eriyuka to burn, be consumed; erivu pungency, zeal; ericcal burning, smarting of eyes, mouth, etc.; erikka to kindle fire, burn (tr.); erippu flame, torch; eruvu pungency

Kodagu : eri- (erip-, eric-)

Kodagu meaning : (mouth) has burning or astringent sensation

Kodagu derivates : erivɨ burning or astringent sensation in mouth

Tulu : eriyuni

Tulu meaning : to glare, be hot

Tulu derivates : caus. eriyāvuni; eri the glare or heat of fire

Proto-Nilgiri : *erǝ-

Number in DED : 0811

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *erǝ-

Meaning : to shine

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : erv- (erd-) "to shine brightly (anything except sun)"

Toda : er- (erɵ-) "to be very bright"

Additional forms : Also Toda ēf fever

Notes : Toda ēf < *ēŕp < *er-i-p-ǝ (= Tam. erippu).

Number in DED : 811

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *ē̆r-

Meaning : to burn, grieve

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : eriyu

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : talay-ēru "headache"

Additional forms : Also eriyincu to burn, set on fire, inflame, afflict, hurt; [1] eragali, [2] eravali wildfire; ērcu to burn, set on fire; ērpu burning

Number in DED : 811

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *er-

Meaning : to light, burn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : erk- (erekt-) "to light (fire)"

Naikri : erk- "to light (fire)"

Naiki : erk- "to light (fire)"

Parji : erip- (erit-) "to burn the mouth"

Number in DED : 811

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *eri-

Meaning : to burn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *ēr-

Konda : er- (-t-)

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *rī- (caus. *ēr-)

Notes : Bisyllabic root.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *ēr-

Meaning : to hurt

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : ērītānā "to hurt or ache violently"

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : erītānā "to hurt, pain"

Muria Gondi : arrī- "(boil) to throb with pain"

Number in DED : 811

Number in CVOTGD : 347

Konda etymology :

Konda : er- (-t-)

Meaning: to kindle fire, light, burn

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda eris- to cause to burn, let someone light a fire

Number in DED : 811

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *rī- (caus. *ēr-)

Meaning : to light, ignite

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : ērpa (ērt-) "to light, ignite, set fire to"

Dongriya Kuwi : er- (-t-) "to light, ignite, kindle"

Kuwi (Israel) : er- "to kindle"

Additional forms : Also Kui rīva (rīt-) burns (of fire).

Notes : A typical former bisyllabic base.

Number in DED : 811

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *ur-(tǝ-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to burn, to get burnt

Russian meaning: жечь, подгореть

Proto-Yupik: *ur-(tǝ-)

Proto-Inupik: *uu-(t-), *uttǝ-

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *úr-(tǝ-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to get burnt

Russian Meaning: подгореть

Sirenik: ucǝ́ʁuɫǝ́χ 'sunburnt' (< "úcǝʁúɫǝχ)

Chaplino: //uɣu- (instead uɣutǝ- ?) 'to get burnt'

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: ūtǝ- 'to burn oneself'

Central Alaskan Yupik: ūtǝ- 'to burn'

PAME: uttoχ* 'to burn'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 361, 362

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *uu-(t-), *ụttǝ̣-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to be or get burnt 1, to burn oneself 2

Russian meaning: обожженный 1, обжечься 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: ūt- 1, ūtiq- 'to get sunburnt, scorched by the sun'

SPI Dialects: Imaq utáʁa 'to burn', ūtumāroq 1

North Alaskan Inupik: ūt- 'to get sunburnt', ūtɨq- 1

NAI Dialects: B uttiqtoq*, Ingl uttittoq* 'to burn'

Western Canadian Inupik: ūtiq- 'to burn', ūtiʁnaq- 'to be burning'

WCI Dialects: Cor uttiqtoq* 'to burn'

Eastern Canadian Inupik: ūt- 2, ūlittā(q)- 'to toast (bread, etc.)', ūti(C)- 'to cause to be burnt, to burn (intentionally)'

ECI Dialects: Lab ūtāk- 'to scorch, to burn oneself'

Greenlandic Inupik: ū- 1, 2, ūt- 'to roast, to bake, to burn', ūliniq (ʁ) 'sth. burnt', ūtiʁ- 'to bake', ûterpâ* 'to burn'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 361, 362

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔur-

Meaning: day

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʔVr- 'day, light, sun'

Central Chadic: (?) *wur- 'morning'

Saho-Afar: SaAf ayro

High East Cushitic: *ʔor- 'midday'

Notes: Related to *ʔur- 'burn, be hot'? Or to *ʔVr- 'moon'?

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1550

Proto-Semitic: *ʔVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'day' 1, 'light' 2, 'sun' 3

Akkadian: urru 1, ūru 2

Ugaritic: ʔar- 2

Hebrew: ʔōr 'daylight', ʔūr 'firelight'

Judaic Aramaic: ʔwrʔy 'sunset'

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ʔer, ʔir 'sun, light'

Harari: īr 'sun'

East Ethiopic: Sel Wol ayr, Zw arīt 'sun'

Gurage: Muh Msq Go aret, Cha eyat ("perhaps to be ident.") 'sun' LGur 118

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *wur-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'morning'

Gudu: wüř

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *ʔor-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'midday, sun'

Qabenna: arru 'sun' LGz 36

Burji (Bambala, Dashe): orra

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ɣEj

Meaning: luminary

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *hiej

Austroasiatic meaning: moon

Proto-Austronesian: *waRi sun, day

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *hiej

Meaning: moon

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: *sɛj IV?

Proto-Bahnaric: *hiaj

Khmer: khe: < OK khe

Proto-Palaungic: *hɛʔ

Proto-Khmu: *kiʔ

Proto-Aslian: *gǝcɛʔ

References: Kh 797

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *sɛj

Meaning: moon

Presyllable: kǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *saj

Proto-East Katuic: *sɛj / *saj

References: P-937; TK1.27; TK13.6

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *saj

Meaning: moon

Presyllable: mǝ- / kǝ- / #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: kasʌj

Bru Van Keu meaning: moon, month

So: masaj.N

So meaning: moon

Bru: kǝsaj.N

Bru meaning: the moon

Sou: kisɛ:

Kui: mphriaŋ.N-saj.N

Kui meaning: the moon

Ngeu: kǝsaj.N

Ngeu meaning: month

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *sɛj / *saj

Meaning: moon

Presyllable: kǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: kisaj

Pakoh meaning: the moon

Taojh: kisɛ:

Taojh meaning: moon (VL)

Lao Katu: kasɛ

Lao Katu meaning: the moon; kǝsɛ month

Kri: kasaj

Chatong: kasɛ:

Kantu: kisi

Kantu dialects: kisaj

Triw: kisɛ:

Dakkan dialects (1): kasɛ:

Dakkan dialects (2): kǝsɛ:

Dakkan meaning: moon

Katu dialects (1): kasɛ

Katu dialects (3): kese:.B

Katu meaning: the moon

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *hiaj

Meaning: moon

Presyllable: kǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: khɛ:j

Bahnar meaning: moon, month

Proto-North Bahnaric: *he:j.T, kǝ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *haj, kǝ-

Proto-West Bahnaric: *haj, kǝ-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *he, kǝ-

Harak: kahaj

References: PNB-464, JS-172, TB1.34

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *he:j.T, kǝ-

Meaning: moon

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: khe:j.T

Rengao meaning: moon, month

Jeh form: khe:j.T

Jeh meaning: moon, month, season

Sedang form: khe.T

Sedang meaning: moon, month

Hre form: khe.T

Hre meaning: moon, month

Didra: khae.T

References: PNB-464, GS-4

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *haj, kǝ-

Meaning: moon

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: khaj

Chrau meaning: moon, month

Stieng form: khaj

Stieng meaning: moon, month

References: SBS-164

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *haj, kǝ-

Meaning: moon

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: khaj

Jaru meaning: moon

Juk: khaj

Nhaheung form: khe:

Nhaheung meaning: moon

Brao form: khaj

Brao meaning: moon

References: JS-172

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *he, kǝ-

Meaning: moon

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: khe:, kǝhe:

Kaseng: ʔǝhaj ? < W

Yaeh: khe:

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *he, kǝ- / *haj, kǝ-

Meaning: moon

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: kahaj

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: khe:

Meaning: moon

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: khe

Old Khmer Meaning: moon

References: P126, JP25

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa:

Meaning: rain

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-De'ang: *la(:)i, k-

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *la(:)i, k-

Meaning: rain

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: klai

De'ang-1: gla:i

De'ang-2: kla:i.2

Rumai: klai.3

Aslian etymology :

Proto-Aslian: *gǝcɛʔ

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Meaning: moon

Kensiw: kǝceʔ

Jahai: cǝhɨj

Semai: gcɛ:ʔ

Temiar: gǝcɛʔ

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