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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: niŋ
Grammar: bound morph.
Meaning: year
Comments: iʔniŋ one year.
yamet-prnum,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-comments,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *niŋ
Meaning: year
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-lim,kiret-yam,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: ɛnniN
Grammar: adv.
Meaning: this year
Derivation: [< ɛn today]
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,limet-dercomm,limet-comments,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nīŋ (s-)
Meaning: year
Tibetan: rńiŋ old, ancient (of things); na-niŋ last year.
Burmese: hnać year.
Kachin: šǝniŋ1 year.
Lushai: KC *Niŋ.
Comments: Tsangla niŋ; Mikir niŋ; Rawang niŋ; Trung aŋ3-niŋ1 year; Miri nyiŋ-. Simon 26; Sh 38, 410; Ben. 79.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 年
Modern (Beijing) reading: nián
Preclassic Old Chinese: nhīn
Classic Old Chinese: nhīn
Western Han Chinese: nhjǝ̄n
Eastern Han Chinese: nhiǝ̄n
Early Postclassic Chinese: nhiēn
Middle Postclassic Chinese: nhiēn
Late Postclassic Chinese: nhiēn
Middle Chinese: nien
Fanqie: 泥奸
Rhyme class: 先
English meaning : harvest, crop; year
Russian meaning[s]: 1) год; годы, возраст; 2) урожай; 3) Новый год; новогодний; 4) Нянь (фамилия)
Shuowen gloss: ?
Comments: For *nh cf. Shaowu nin7, Chaozhou hĩ2.
Radical: 51
Four-angle index: 2547
Karlgren code: 0364 a-d
Vietnamese reading: niên
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-fanqie,bigchina-rhyme,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 266
Character: 年
MC description : 山開四平先泥
ZIHUI: 1628 1806
Beijing: nian 12
Jinan: ńiã 12
Xi'an: ńiã 12
Taiyuan: niɛ 1
Hankou: nian 12
Chengdu: ńian 12
Yangzhou: nî̃ 12
Suzhou: ńî 12
Wenzhou: ńi 12
Changsha: ńiẽ 12
Shuangfeng: ńî̃ 12
Nanchang: ńiɛn 31
Meixian: ńian 12
Guangzhou: nin 12
Xiamen: lian 11 (lit.); nĩ 12
Chaozhou: ni 12
Fuzhou: nieŋ 12
Shanghai: ńî 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: nien 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *śwVnɨ̆́
Meaning: year; old
Comments and references : HGC 35, NSC 64 *swEnV, SCE 112. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *śwänɨ̆
Meaning: year
Proto-West Caucasian: *š́ʷA Notes: Correspondences are regular, and the etymology seems quite reliable. See Abdokov 1983, 102, 104 (with a hardly justified attempt to divide this root into two different NC roots).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *rišin
Meaning: 1 year 2 sky
Avar: son 1
Chadakolob: šon 1
Andian language: rešin 1,2
Akhvakh: reše 1,2
Chamalal: jehĩ 2
Tindi: rehan 1,2
Karata: rešin 1,2
Botlikh: reši 1,2
Bagvalal: rešĩ 1,2
Godoberi: rešin 1,2
Comments: Av. paradigm C (obl. saná- in saná-jil 'every year', pl. sóna-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tl., Ratl. rešen, Cham. Gig. reši, Kar. Anch. niši, Tok. rexin. The initial *ri- in PA is probably a result of contamination with another PEC root for 'year' (*swĕrho / *rĕswo q.v.). The only Andian language which distinguishes between 'year' and 'sky' is Chamalal: cf. Cham. jehna 'sky', Gig. rešin id. (opposed to Cham. jehĩ, Gig. reši 'year'). This may be an indication of an old opposition between *riši 'year; old' ( < *rĕswo) : *ri-šin 'year; sky' ( < *śwänɨ̆).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: šin
Meaning: year
Lak form: šin
Comments: 4th class, obl. base šina-.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *s:än
Meaning: year
Rutul: sän
Tsakhur: sen
Kryz: sän
Budukh: sen
Archi: s:an
Udi: usen
Comment: Oblique base *s:änɨ- (cf. Tsakh. Gelm. seni-; Rut. sänä́- is probably secondary). See Trubetzkoy 1930, 83; Лексика 1971, 182; Гигинейшвили 1977, 135.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *š́ʷA
Meaning: year
Abkhaz: á-škʷs
Abaza: skʷšǝ
Ubykh: šʷa
Comments: Ub. def. á-šʷa. PAT *šǝ-kʷǝśǝ : probably from earlier *šʷǝ-kʷǝśǝ with dissimilation (cf. also different dissimilations and metatheses in modern languages: Bz. á-śkʷś, Abaz. skʷšǝ). The meaning of the component -kʷǝśǝ is not clear. Abdokov (1973, 54) compared the Abkh. word with AK *jǝʎasǝ 'year' which is improbable.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *siń
Meaning: old, withered
Ket: śīń / śi:ń
Yug: sin
Comments: ССЕ 275. Werner 2, 197 (without reconstruction).
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *den
Meaning: year
Yasin: den
Hunza: den
Nagar: den
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : CVNV
Meaning : year, old
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *zVnV
Meaning: year, old
Altaic: Turk. *jün- (*jön-)
References: МССНЯ 337; Долгопольский 1972, 167; ND 2075 *s̄[e]nV 'long time, year' (IE+Drav+SH); 2743 *ʒoŋE ~ *ʒon̄E 'old' (Kartv. + Ur. + Turk.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *sen-
Meaning: of last year, old
Old Indian: sána- `old, ancient'
Avestan: hana- 'alt'
Armenian: hana-paz `immer', hin `alt'
Old Greek: héno- `alt' (nur in stehenden Redewendungen von Früchten und Beamten des vorigen Jahres, auch von dem letzten Tag des vorigen Monats oder Mondumlaufes, der zugleich den neuen Umlauf einleitet); dĭ́-eno- 'two years old' Thphr.
Latin: senex, gen. senis/senicis `alt, bejahrt; Greis', comp. senior; senēre `bin alt, schwach', senium `Altersschwäche, Verdriesslichkeit'
Celtic: OIr sen `alt'; OCorn hen, Bret hen `senex'; Gaul Seno-gnatus, Seneca
Russ. meaning: прошлогодний, старый
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *sen-a- adj., *sen-ia- c., *sen̂- vb. intr.
Meaning: old
Lithuanian: sẽna- `alt, bejahrt, gebraucht, abgetragen, antik, dem Altertum grhörig', sen(i)aĩ `schon lange her, vor langer Zeit, längst', sénti `altern, veralten'
Lettish: sęns `aus alter Zeit stammend, früher, ehemalig', senis, sen `längst, seit langer Zeit'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *sini-, *sina-, *sinōn
Meaning: old
Gothic: sinīg-s (a) `old', sup. *sinista `oldest'
Old Norse: sina f. `altes Wintergrass'
Norwegian: dial. sina
Swedish: dial. sena
Old Franconian: OFrank > MLat seni-scalcus `famulorum senior (sénéchal)'
Middle High German: { sen-wurz `senecio' }
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-olfrank,germet-mhg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1691
Root: sen(o)-
English meaning: old
German meaning: `alt'
Derivatives: seno-mātēr `Großmutter'
Material: Ai. sána-, av. hana- `alt', ai. sanaká- `ehemalig, alt' (: lat. senex, fränk. Sinigus, gall.Seneca), sanaḥ `vor alters', sánā, sanā́t, sanátā `von alters her, von jeher, stets', sanātána- `ewig, unvergänglich, beständig'; arm. hanapaz `immer', hin `alt'; gr. ἕνος `alt, vom vorigen Jahre', δί-ενος `zweijährig', ἕνη καὶ νέα `der Tag vor dem Neumond und der erste des beginnenden Monats'; lat. senex, Gen. senis, Kompar. senior `alt, bejahrt'; seneō, -ēre `alt, schwach sein', senēscō, -ere `altern, hinschwinden', senium `Altersschwäche, zehrende Gemütsstimmung', senātus, -ūs (osk. Gen. senateís) `Senat', senectūs `Alter', seneciō ds.; air. sen `alt', acymr. corn. bret. hen `senex', Komp. air. siniu, cymr. hyn; ir. sen-māth(a)ir (= lit. sen-mótė) `Großmutter'; gall. Seno-gnātus u. dgl., Seneca; got. sineigs `πρεσβύτης', sinista `ältester', afränk. sini-skalkus `der älteste Hausdiener', aisl. sina `vorjähriges Gras'; lit. sẽnas `alt', sẽnis `Greis', seniaĩ `vor alters, längst', senė́ju `werde alt' (= lat. seneō).
References: WP. II 494, WH. II 513 f., Trautmann 256.
Pages: 907-908
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 919
Proto: *soŋkV (*soŋV)
English meaning: old; to get old
German meaning: alt; alt werden
Mari (Cheremis): šoŋɣǝ̑ (KB) 'alt', šoŋɣo (U B) 'alt; Greis, Alter', soŋɣo (M) 'alt; Greis'
Hungarian: agg 'Greis; sehr alt', agg- (altung.) 'altern, alt werden'; ? avul- 'alt werden', ó 'alt'
Sammalahti's version: *soŋka
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mar,uralet-ugr,uralet-samm2,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ʒ́w-
Russian meaning: старый
English meaning: old
Georgian: ʒv-el-
Megrel: ǯv-eš-
Svan: ǯw-in- 'to get old', ǯw-in-el- 'old'
Laz: (m)ǯv-eš-, nǯv-eš- 'old', mǯv-en- 'to get old'
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 238 (*ʒ́wel-, *ʒ́wen-), EWK 488. Сложный случай. С одной стороны, Долгопольский (1972, 167) сравнивает картв. *ʒ́wen- с ПИЕ *sen- 'год, старый', тюрк. *jün- (*jön-) 'дряхлый' < ностр. *ʒUnE 'старый'. При принятии этой этимологии форму *ʒ́wel- следует объяснять как вторичное стяжение < *ʒ́wen-l-. С другой стороны, бросается в глаза сходство с ПЗК *ž́ʷǝ 'старый' ( < ПСК *swĕrho 'год, старый', см. NCED 968-969; сближение см. Климов 1969, 290); если эта связь не случайна, следует думать о заимствовании в ПК < ПЗК.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-sva,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *čeṇ-
Meaning : old
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-gnd,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *čeṇ-
Meaning : old
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kui,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *čēṇ-
Meaning : old
Betul Gondi : sēnāl (fem. sēnō) "old man, senior"
Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : senāl, (fem., neut.) seno "aged"
Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : senāl (pl. -or), (Fem.) seno (pl. -hk)
Gommu Gondi : sēṛo "old woman"
Muria Gondi : hēnor "old, senior"
Maria Gondi : sēṛo (pl. -sku) "old woman"
Yeotmal Gondi : seṛal "(masc.) old"
Additional forms : Also Gondi_Mu sēno old woman
Number in DED : 2808
Number in CVOTGD : 3479
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_tr,gonet-gondi_w,gonet-gondi_ph,gonet-gondi_g,gonet-gondi_mu,gonet-gondi_ma,gonet-gondi_y,gonet-addition,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *senḍ- (*c-)
Meaning : first-born, eldest
Kui : senḍa
Additional forms : Also Kui senḍenju founder of a race, early settler
Number in DED : 2808
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-addition,kuiet-dednum,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *san-
Meaning: year
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 1089
Proto-Semitic: *šan-
Meaning: 'year'
Akkadian: šattu
Ugaritic: šnt
Hebrew: šanā
Syrian Aramaic: šatt-
Arabic: san-at-
Mehri: senēt
Harsusi: senet
Soqotri: sanah
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,semet-uga,semet-hbr,semet-syr,semet-ara,semet-mhr,semet-hss,semet-soq,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *wa-sun-
Meaning: 1 'year', 2 'rainy season'
Warji: wasǝn-na 1,2 [SkNB]
Kariya: wasǝn 1,2 [SkNB]
Diri: ašen 1,2 [SkNB]
Miya: wasǝšan 1,2 [SkNB]
Siri: wasǝnuwa 1,2 [SkNB]
Mburku: wasǝn 1,2 [SkNB]
Jimbin: wasun 1,2 [SkNB]
Polchi: waŝìn 1 [SkNB]
Geji: waŝin 1 [SkNB]
Sayanchi: waŝùn 1
Notes: Cf. Tangale wɔzɔn 'dry season'. All looks like a borrowing
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-wrj,wchet-kry,wchet-dir,wchet-miy,wchet-sir,wchet-mbu,wchet-jmb,wchet-pol,wchet-gej,wchet-say,wchet-notes,
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