Tai-Kadai etymology :

Number: 135

Meaning: tongue

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Zhuang-Tai: *lin.C

Ong Be: lin.4

Li (Baoding): ɫi:n.3

References: TKL: 383.

Zhuang-Tai etymology :

Proto-Zhuang-Tai: *lin.C

Meaning: tongue

Thai-Kadai etymology: Thai-Kadai etymology

Siamese: lin.C

Longzhou Zhuang: lin.4

Bouyei (Po-ai): lin.4

References: LFK: 134.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lVń

Meaning: to lick, tongue

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *la:ń (cf. also *lVń 'gums')

Austroasiatic meaning: lick, tongue

Proto-Thai: lin.C tongue < KD

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *la:ń

Meaning: lick, tongue

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: lin.C tongue < KD

Proto-Monic: *la:ń

Proto-Palaungic: Wa *lɛ:[ń]

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *la:ń

Meaning: lick

Presyllable: kǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: kla:n

Nyakur: khla:ń.L

Nyakur meaning: lick

References: V121

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *lɛ:[ń]

Meaning: to lick

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: **lɛń

Proto-Plang: *li[ŋ/ń]

Proto-Angku: **le:ŋ, k-

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *li[ń]

Meaning: to lick

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Konto: liŋ.2

Konto meaning: to lick

Samtao (Paulsen): liŋ.2

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: to lick

References: P-370: *liŋ.2

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : NVLV

Meaning : gums

Eurasiatic : *ńVjlV part of face, gums

Sino-Caucasian : ST *nī(l) 'gums'

Austric : ? PAA lVń 'gums' (+ 'lick, tongue')

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ńVjlV

Meaning: part of face

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ńằjla ( ~ -o)

Uralic: *ńälmä

Dravidian: *nav[-lVk-]

Eskimo-Aleut: *Nǝʁilǝk- ?

References: ND 1591 *ńälV 'tongue' (Ur.-Drav. + one WChad. and Hitt. lala-?).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ńằjla ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: shoot, sprout; teeth, gills

Russian meaning: росток, побег; зубы, жабры

Mongolian: *ǯal-magaj

Tungus-Manchu: *ńal-

Korean: *ní

Japanese: *mài

Comments: Дыбо 1995b (Mong.-Tung.). The semantic interchange between 'teeth' and 'sprouts' is quite common, so in this respect the etymology seems plausible. In Jpn. one has to suppose a suffixed form *ma(i) < *ńằjl(a)-gV; medial *-j- is reconstructed to account for the loss of resonant in Kor. The root seems to be unattested in Turkic, but cf. Tur. dial. jalama 'white spot on horse's head from forehead down to the lower lip' (ЭСТЯ 4, 91) - cf. the semantic development in TM.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ǯal-magaj

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: gills

Russian meaning: жабры

Written Mongolian: ǯalmaɣai (L 1032), ǯaŋɣalai

Khalkha: ʒalmagaj

Buriat: žaŋgār

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ńal-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 groove on upper lip 2 gums of teeth

Russian meaning: 1 желобок на верхней губе 2 десны

Literary Manchu: ńalma 1, ńa-si, ńa-ša 2

Comments: ТМС 1, 630, 636. With the original meaning 'sprout' one could also compare Evk. ńalba-kta 'young grass', and perhaps Ud. ńalasa 'white strip of fur close to animals' neck' (ТМС 1, 629).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *ní

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: tooth

Russian meaning: зуб

Modern Korean: i

Middle Korean: ní

Comments: Nam 119, KED 1316.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *mài

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: shoot, sprout

Russian meaning: росток, побег

Old Japanese: me

Middle Japanese: me

Tokyo: mé

Kyoto: mḕ

Kagoshima: mé

Comments: JLTT 474.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 622

Proto: *ńälmä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: tongue

German meaning: Zunge

Saam (Lapp): njal'bme -lm- (N) 'mouth', njal'mē (L) 'Mund, Maul', ńā_ilme (T), ńā_ilm, na_ilm (A) 'Mund, Mündung'

Mari (Cheremis): jǝlmǝ (KB), jǝ̑lme (U B), ńǝ̑lme (P) 'Zunge, Sprache'

Khanty (Ostyak): ńälǝm (V), ńȧtǝm (DN), ńålǝm (O)

Mansi (Vogul): ńiĺǝm (TJ P), ńilǝm (KU), ńēlǝm (So.)

Hungarian: nyelv, dial. nyév, nyőve

Nenets (Yurak): (ńāmū (O) 'Zunge' - rejected by Redei)

Sammalahti's version: *n'elmä

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *nāl_-

Meaning : tongue

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *nā(v)-[lVg-]

Proto-Telugu : *nālVk-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *nālk-/*nav[ŋ]-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *nāl-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *nā(v)-[lVg-]

Meaning : tongue

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : nā, nākku, nāvu

Tamil meaning : tongue

Tamil derivates : nāvu (nāvi-) to thrust out the tongue and move it sideways, mock by thrusting out the tongue

Malayalam : nā, nākku, nāvu

Malayalam meaning : tongue

Kannada : nālage, nālige

Kannada meaning : tongue

Kannada derivates : (Hal.; Kumt., U.P.U.) ñālige tongue

Kodagu : nāvu

Kodagu meaning : tongue

Tulu : nālā̆yi

Tulu meaning : tongue

Proto-Nilgiri : *nā-

Number in DED : 3633

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *nā-

Meaning : tongue, eddy

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : nālg

Toda : nōf

Additional forms : Also Kota nāv tongue, esp. of a slaughtered cow or buffalo; Toda nō taṭ roof of mouth (taṭ pot)

Number in DED : 3633

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *nālVk-

Meaning : tongue

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : nālika

Dialectal forms (1) : nāluka

Dialectal forms (2) : nālka

Merolu Telugu : nēlka

Number in DED : 3633

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *nālk-/*nav[ŋ]-

Meaning : tongue

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : nālka

Naikri : nālka

Parji : nevãḍ

Ollari Gadba : nāŋ

Salur Gadba : nāngu

Number in DED : 3633

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *nāl-

Meaning : tongue

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : nālika

Konda etymology :

Konda : nālika

Meaning: tongue

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 3633

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *Nǝʁilǝk-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: uvula, to choke on sth.

Russian meaning: язычок, увула, поперхнуться

Proto-Yupik: *Nǝʁilǝk-

Proto-Inupik: *nǝʁilǝk/ɣ-

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 231

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *Nǝʁilǝk-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to choke on sth.

Russian Meaning: поперхнуться

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: nǝʁilǝxtǝ- 'to swallow the wrong way'

Central Alaskan Yupik: nǝʁiɫkaʁ- 'to choke on sth. in windpipe'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 231

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *nǝʁilǝk/ɣ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: uvula 1, to swallow sth. wrong way 2

Russian meaning: язычок, увула 1, давиться 2

SPI Dialects: Imaq niʁílitaq 1

North Alaskan Inupik: nǝʁiĺɨk- 'to choke on. sth.'

NAI Dialects: niʁiĺɨktāq 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: niʁilik- 2

ECI Dialects: Lab niʁiliktaq 'soft palate' [Bourq.]

Greenlandic Inupik: niʁilittaq 1, niʁiliɣ- 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 231

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