Uralic etymology :

Number: 342

Proto: *kola

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to die

German meaning: sterben

Finnish: kuole- 'sterben' ( > Saam. L kuolati- 'töten')

Estonian: koole-

Mordovian: kulo- (E M)

Mari (Cheremis): kole- (KB U B)

Udmurt (Votyak): kul- (S K), kulị̑- (G)

Komi (Zyrian): kul- (S), kuv- (P), kul- (PO)

Khanty (Ostyak): kăla- (V), χăt- (DN), χăl- (O)

Mansi (Vogul): kāl- (TJ), χōl- (KU), kōl- (P), χɔ̄la- (So.)

Hungarian: hal-

Nenets (Yurak): χā- (O)

Enets (Yen): kā- (Ch. B K)

Nganasan (Tawgi): kụ̄ʔa-

Selkup: qū- (TaM), qump- (U), qū- (Ty.), kua-, k͔ū́a- (Ke.)

Kamass: kш-

Janhunen's version: (130, mit Fragezeichen) *kaxli6-

Sammalahti's version: *kaxli6-

Addenda: Koib. kube 'Tod'; Mot. chadaibaga; Taig. kcháima 'mortuus'

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *KolV

Meaning: kill

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *gʷel-

Uralic: *kola

Kartvelian: (Zan. q̇wil-; PK *ḳal-); Svan. -q̇law- 'break'

Dravidian: *kol-

Comments: [Cf. also PIE *kola-, *klā-'beat, break, kill'; SDr *koḷ- 'hurt, hit, kill'; TM *xaldi- 'hew, carve'; FP *ko[ĺ]V ~ *kaLV 'knock, strike']

References: МССНЯ 370; ND 870 *kolʔa 'to die, end' (IE+Ur+ Arab. and a dub. Irq.); 1029 *Ḳoḷ/ĺa 'to beat, strike' (IE *kola- + SDr + Arab.); 1043 *ḳal̄ʕa 'to cut, hew, chop, stab' (IE *kola- + Kartv. *ḳal- + TM + various SH); 1050 *Ḳoḷ/ĺqa 'to knock, strike, hit' (IE *kola- + FP + Arab.); 1911 *q̇ola 'to kill' (Kartv.-Drav.); 1919 *q̇Aĺ/ḷʕV 'to break, tear, pluck' (Svan. + IE *kola- ? + dub. Drav. + Sem.)./

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *gʷelǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to cause pain, to kill

Tokharian: A, B kwäl- (kul-) (PT *kwäl-, kul-) 'to fail' (Adams 236-237)

Armenian: keɫem `peinige'

Slavic: *žālь, *žālḗtī

Baltic: *gel̂- (2) vb. tr., *gil̂- (2) vb. intr., *gil-u- adj., *gēl-ā̂ f., *gal-a- n., *gāl-[ia]- m., *gul-s-en-iā̃ f.

Germanic: *kwil-a- vb.; *kwal-jō f.; *kwal-ō f.; *kwal-ja- vb.; *kwal-m=; *kwēl-ō f.; *kwil-d-í-, *kwil-d-á-

Latin: vallessit = perierit, dictum ā vallō mīlitārī, quod fit circā castra, quod quī eō ēiciuntur prō perditīs habentur Paul. Fest. 377 (blosse Volksetymologie)

Celtic: *baln- > OIr at-baill `stirbt'; Cymr aballu `perire, deficere'; Corn bal `pestis'

Russ. meaning: причинять боль, смерть

References: WP I 689 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *gel̂- (2) vb. tr., *gil̂- (2) vb. intr., *gil-u- adj., *gēl-ā̂ f., *gal-a- n., *gāl-[ia]- m., *gul-s-en-iā̃ f.

Meaning: cause pain, kill

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: gélti (gẽlia) `wehtun (physisch und psychisch)', gìlti (-sta) 'heftig zu schmerzen anfangen', gilù- 'schmerzlich', gēlà `heftiger Schmerz'

Old Prussian: gallan Ench., golis Voc. 168 `Tod', gallintwey 'töten'; gulsenni(e)n `Schmerz' Ench. 65, 21.22

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *kwilan- vb.; *kwaljō; *kwalō; *kwaljan-; *kwalm=; *kwēlō; *kwildí-, *kwildá-

Meaning: torment, pinish

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: kvelja wk. `plagen, martern, quälen'; kvɔl f. `Pein, Qual'; kvell f. `Schmerz'

Norwegian: kvelja vb.

Swedish: kval; kvälja vb.

Danish: kväle vb.; kval

Old English: cwelan `sterben'; cwalu `Tötung, gewaltsamer Mord'; cwield `Tot'; cwellan

English: kill

Old Saxon: quelan, qual `Pein leiden'; quāla `Qual, Marter'; qualm `Tod, Verheerung'; quellian

Middle Dutch: quēlen `er slecht aan toe zijn, kwijnen, ziek zijn, droevig zijn, zondigen, kwellen'; quāle f. `lijden, kwaal, zedelijk gebrek'; quellen `folteren, kwellen, plagen; sukkelen, kwijnen, lijden, bedroefd zijn'

Dutch: kwaal f.; kwellen

Middle Low German: quēlen `gekweld worden, pijn hebben, kwellen'

Old High German: quelan (qual) st. `leiden, sich quälen, martern'; quāla f. (8.Jh.) `Qual, Elend, Hölle'; qualm `Tod, Verheerung'; quilti-werk `Abendarbeit'; quellen

Middle High German: quāl(e), kāl(e), kōl(e) (/quǟle, quēle, quēl, kēle) st. f., quāl st. m. `Beklemmung, Marter, Qual'; quëln (/koln, kollen, këln) st. `Schmerzen leiden, sich quälen, abmarten', wk. tr. 'drängen, drücken, zwängen'

German: Qual f., quälen

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳal-/ḳl

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: убивать

English meaning: to kill

Georgian: ḳal-, ḳl-

Svan: č̣aw

Svan meaning (Rus.): tödliche Seuche

Svan meaning (Eng.): tödliche Seuche

Notes and references: EWK 183.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kol-

Meaning : to kill

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kol-

Proto-Telugu : *koll-

Brahui : xall-ing

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kol-

Meaning : to kill

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kol (kolv-, kon_r_-)

Tamil meaning : to kill, murder, destroy, ruin, fell, reap (as the heads of grain), afflict, tease; n. act of killing, affliction

Tamil derivates : kolli that which kills; kolai killing, murder, vexation, teasing; kolaiñan_, kolainan_, kolaivan_ murderer, hunter

Malayalam : kolluka

Malayalam meaning : to kill, murder

Malayalam derivates : kollikka to make to kill; kolli killing; kula killing, murder

Kannada : kol, kolu, kollu (kond-)

Kannada meaning : to kill, murder

Kannada derivates : kolisu, kollisu, kolsu to cause to kill; kole killing, murder, slaughter; kolega murderer; kolluvike killing; kuli a killer

Kodagu : koll- (kolluv-, kond-)

Kodagu meaning : to kill

Tulu : kolè

Tulu meaning : murder

Proto-Nilgiri : *kol- (?)

Miscellaneous : KOR (M) koru, (T) kori, (O) korru to kill

Number in DED : 2132

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kol- (?)

Meaning : to kill

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kol "act of killing"

Toda : kwaly "murder; murderous (in song, of buffalo, kite, dry season); who has died or is near death (in song, old man or woman)"

Additional forms : Also Kota kol gaḷ thief; kolgārn murderer; Toda kwalyxōr_n murderer; kos_n the messenger of the god of death (lit. the killer)

Notes : It is not excluded that all these forms are borrowings. The original verbal stem is not preserved in PN, and Toda kwaly is irregular (PN *kolä should have yielded Toda *kwas_).

Number in DED : 2132

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *koll-

Meaning : to kill

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kollu (B)

Additional forms : Also (Śaŋk.) kola sin, (K also) murder, holocaust, enmity

Number in DED : 2132

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : xall-ing

Meaning : to strike, kill, fire (gun), throw (stone)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Additional forms : Also BRA xal_h_ pain, labour pains, colic

Number in DED : 2132

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVLV

Meaning : to die, kill

Eurasiatic : *KolV

Sino-Caucasian : *=ilqwV

African (misc.) : Bantu *-kụ́ídị̀ 'death'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ilqwV

Meaning: to die

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ilqwV- (/*=ilχwV-)

Sino-Tibetan: *kʷɨ̆ (-t; ~ gʷ-, qʷ-, Gʷ-)

Yenisseian: *qɔ-

Burushaski: *ɣa-n-

Comments and references : In PNC cf. also *=ilq_wV- (/*=ilχ_wV-) `kill, slaughter'. NSC 58 *-lqwV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ilqwV- (/*=ilχwV-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to die (plur. subject), die out

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iqʷ-

Proto-Tsezian: *=iχʷ-

Proto-Dargwa: *=ilχʷ-/*=ulχ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔilχʷe

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. As well as its transitive counterpart (*=ilq_wV / *=ilχ_wV 'to slaughter' q.v.), the root demonstrates a non-standard variation of *q/*χ (the latter is reflected in Darg. and PTs, the former - in PA; the PL form may reflect either variant).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iqʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to die

Avar: χʷe-

Chadakolob: ħʷ(Vl)-

Akhvakh: =uq- (Gudava)

Comments: The Akhv. word (=uq-, Tseg. =uχ-) is attested only in Gudava 1964, 98; since the common verb for "die" in Akhv. is =iƛ̣- q.v., we may assume that the root =uq- has here some specific meaning (most probably - 'to die out (plur.)' which it means in other Dagestan languages).

    Akhv. =uq- reflects PA *=iqʷ- (stem 1), while Av. χʷé- goes back to *qʷV- (stem 2).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=iχʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to die

Tsezi: =eχʷ-

Ginukh: =uh-

Khvarshi: =ih-

Inkhokvari: =uh-

Bezhta: =uʁ-

Gunzib: =uh-

Comments: PTsKh *=iχ̥1̇ʷ- (~-ɨ-), PGB *=uʁ-. Cf. also the PTs causative ('to kill') *=iχ̥1̇ʷ-Vl- (Tsez. =eχur-, Gin. =uher-, Bezht. =uʁol-, Gunz. =uhl-).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=ilχʷ-/*=ulχ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to slaughter

Chiragh: =elχʷ-/luχ-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =ilhʷ-/=ulh- id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔilχʷe

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to die (pl.)

Tabasaran: jiχ-

Archi: χʷi-

Comment: Cf. also Arch. dur. χʷal, imp. χʷirχi-r. The Arch. -l in durative goes back to *-r under influence of the medial *-l- which had itself dropped out later (reconstruction of the root-final *-l is not probable in this case,because one would expect its shift to -n in Arch.).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kʷɨ̆ (-t; ~ gʷ-, qʷ-, Gʷ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: old, weak

Chinese: 舊 *gʷǝs old (not new), ancient.

Tibetan: rgud to decline, get weak (esp. with old age), rgod to grow weak.

Lepcha: gu old female of most animals

Comments: The Tib. form can be alternatively compared with OCh. 耇 *kōʔ old or 考 *khūʔ high age, old; cf. also Burm. kawh 'to be old (e. g. of a city)'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 舊

Modern (Beijing) reading: jìu

Preclassic Old Chinese: gʷǝs

Classic Old Chinese: gwǝh

Western Han Chinese: gǝwh

Eastern Han Chinese: gǝwh

Early Postclassic Chinese: gìw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̀w

Middle Chinese: gǝ̀w

English meaning : be old, ancient (not of people)

Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is cụ'u. Cf. also Viet. khú, khụ 'very old'. The original meaning of the graph was probably 'owl', but this usage is actually attested only since Han. For *g cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou ku⁶, Fuzhou ko⁶, Jianou kiu⁶.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 1067 c-e

Vietnamese reading: cũ

Jianchuan Bai: kɨ3

Dali Bai: kɨ3

Bijiang Bai: gɨ̃2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2373

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 舊

MC description : 流開三去宥群

ZIHUI: 5283 1598

Beijing: ćiou 3

Jinan: ćiou 3

Xi'an: ćiou 3

Taiyuan: ćiou 3

Hankou: ćiou 3

Chengdu: ćiǝu 3

Yangzhou: ćiôɨ 3

Suzhou: ʒ́iöy 32

Wenzhou: ʒ́iau 32

Changsha: ćiôu 31 (lit.); ćiôu 32

Shuangfeng: ʒ́iû 32

Nanchang: ćhiu 32

Meixian: khiu 3

Guangzhou: kau 32

Xiamen: kiu 32 (lit.); ku 32

Chaozhou: ku 32

Fuzhou: kieu 32

Shanghai: ćiɨ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: kiou 3

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qɔ-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to die

Ket: qɔ-ŕeŋ⁵, Bak., Sur. qɔ-deŋ⁵

Yug: xɔ-dǝŋ⁵

Kottish: onxa, onka "dead", (Бол.) onxa "death"; xa, kha, pl. xajikŋ "death"; hou "dead", hō 'illness' (Бол.: xou "illness"); d́axajaŋ "to die", praet. onxajaŋ, imp. anxa; асс. exá (М., Сл., Кл.), onxa (Кл.) "dead"

Arin: ínqo (М., Сл., Кл) "dead"; inkoto (Лоск.) "death"

Pumpokol: ká-doŋdu (Сл.) "dead"

Comments: ССЕ 264. The root clearly has no medial consonant and should be distinguished from *qōGV 'hunt, kill' q.v. Note the Kott. variants with h-: a different root with *χ-?

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ɣa-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 to be exhausted, tired 2 to kill

Yasin: ɣan- 1, -́s-qa-n- 2

Hunza: ɣan- 1, -́s-qa-n- 2

Nagar: ɣan- 1, -́s-qa-n- 2

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