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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 771
Proto: *pije
English meaning: stone
German meaning: Stein
Finnish: pii, pii-kivi 'Feuerstein' ?
Estonian: pii-kivi ?
Nenets (Yurak): päe (O), päej (Nj.) 'Stein; Glas; Schleifstein'
Enets (Yen): fû (Ch.), fu (pu) (B)
Nganasan (Tawgi): fála, fuálla
Selkup: pǖ (TaM Ke. Ty. Tur.)
Kamass: pi 'Stein; Flint, Feuerstein'
Addenda: Koib. pi; Mot. hilä; Taig. hyla 'Felsen'
Yukaghir parallels: pie 'Berg; Stein, Felsen'
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-nen,uralet-enc,uralet-nga,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-add,uralet-yuk,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *pVxwV
Meaning: sharp, to whet
Comments: [For PIE cf. also PA *si̯ṓp`ì - but for the latter cf. also PK *ćkip-, Slav. *šipъ]
References: МССНЯ 352-353. Cf. ND 1652 *P_[i]ʔV 'point, blade, sharp edge' (Turk. + incorr. Jap.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *spēy- (sph-)
Meaning: prickle, pointed stick
Tokharian: A dat. spinae `Haken, Pflock'; B ṣpikiye 'crutch' (Adams 667)
Old Indian: sphyá- n. `a flat piece of wood shaped like a sword for ritual purposes; spar or boom (of ship's sails); a k. of oar'
Armenian: phkhin `Pfeil, Wurfspiess'
Old Greek: spílo-s f.; spilás, -ádos `Fels, Riff', sphḗn, gen. sphēn-ós m. `Keil'; sphaníon = klinídion, en sphaníōi̯ = en klinaríōi̯ Hsch.
Slavic: *spīljā `большая игла, шпилька': чеш. spíle, польск. śpila
Latin: spīca f.; spīcus, -ī m.; spīcum, -ī n. `Ähre', spīculum, spīcula `Lanzenspitze'
Russ. meaning: колючка, остроконечная деревяжка
References: WP II 652 f
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *spī-l-ia- c., *spī-l-ā̂, -iā̃ f., *spai-dl-ia-, *spei-dl-ia-, *spī-dl-iac., *spī-dl-iā̃ f.; *spi-t-ul-iā̃ f., *spī̂-n-ā̂ (2), spī̂-n-iā̃ (2) f., *spaî-l-iā̃ (1) f.
Meaning: sharp, pointed
Lithuanian: spīlī̃-s (dial.) `Speil(er), Stachel, Dorn; hölzerner Nagel', pl. spīliaĩ `Sperrute der Leinweber', spīlà `Schilfrohr; Schilfrohor auf dem Dach', pl. spī̃lōs `Knebelhölzchen, aufgesp; spīle, -a `Gabelung, Zwicke, Zwickeisen, Krebsschere, Speil (zum Zusammenhalten der Schiffsbretter)', pl. `Not, Verlegenheit', spīla `kleine Holzgabel'; spīnà `(Vor)hänge-, Vorlegeschloss; (Tür)schloss, dial. (Tür-, Fenster)pfosten bzw. das obere Querstück des (Tür-, Fenster)rahmens; Tür-, Fensterstutz'; spaiglī̃-s, dial. speiglī̃-s `Spule (der Vogelfeders), der beim Rupfen in der Haut zurückgebliebene Federteil, Federstoppel; Hachel, Stachel'; spīglī̃-s, diakl. spī̃gli-s `Nadel (der Nadelhölzer), Stachel, Dorn, (techn.) Stift', dial. spī̃glē `id.', spīglē̃ `Stichling, Gasterosteus acukeatus'; spitulē̃ `die Nadel, der Dorn in der Schnalle', spitnà `id.'
Lettish: spîla, plo. spîles, spĩles 'Gabelung, zweizinkige Mistgabel, Holzgabel'; spīne `eine mit beiden Enden in die Wand getriebene eiserne Klammer, woran Ketten befestigt werden; ein in die Wand getriebener Nagel', spĩne `Vorhängeschloss', spĩna `lange, dünne, geschmeidige Gerte', spina `Gerte, Rute (von Laubbäumen geschnitten)'; spiga `Peitschenstiel, Rute ohne Äste'; pl. spaĩgul̨i `Blutfedern (?), Ansätze der Federn'; spaĩle, spaĩlis 'Strick, chwade des Mähers'; Stecken, an einem Ende gespalten, um etwas einzuklemmen', spailes pl. 'Werkzeuge zum Fangen von Tieren'; spaiglis 'Krebsgabel, ein an einem Ende gespaltener Stecken, uim darin Krebse einzuklemmen'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *spitō(n), *spit=, *spitja-; *spinVl=; *spīla-z, -ō; *spil=; *spīka-z, *spaikēn, *spikō; *spīr=, *spī́xō(n); *spēnu-z
Meaning: splinter, peg, etc.
Old Norse: spīla f. `schmales Holzstück'; spīk-r m. `Nagel'; spīk f. `Splitter'; spīra f. `Rohr, schlanker Baum'; spān-n m. `Span; Schindel; Holzspan zum Losen'
Norwegian: dial. spita f. `Pflock', spīt m. `Spitze, dünner Wassertrahl'; finn `Borstengras'; dial. spila `Scheibe', spel, spela, spīl `flacher Splitter; dünnes flaches Bein'; dial. spīk `schmales Holzstück, Schienbein'; spira `junger Baumstamm, Strahl'; spōn
Old Swedish: fina `Flosse', fen, fena `Achel'
Swedish: speta `Pflock'; spik; spɔn
Danish: spile; spig; spire `Schössling'; spɔn
Old English: spitu f. `Bratspiess'; spāca, -an m. `spoke (of a wheel); part of the body (= ribb-spācan)', spīcing, -es m. `spike (?)'; spīr `rietstengel'; spīr `Schössling'; spōn, -es m., -e f.(?) `chip, shaving'
Middle English: spyk
English: spit; dial. spile `spijl'; spoke, spike; spire; spoon
Old Frisian: spōn `flaches Brustschild von Gold als Schmuck'
East Frisian: Fris spyl, spīle
Old Saxon: spinela `Haarnadel', spenula `Schnalle'; spēka `Speiche'
Middle Dutch: spit, spet, gen. spētes n.; spīle f. `dunne staak, pin'; spīker m.; spike; spier n. `grashalm, spitse paal'; Kil. spie, spije; spaan, spāne m., n.; spēke, speec; spīcing
Dutch: spit n. `braadspit'; spijl f.; spijker m.; spier f. `halm, lichaamspierm, lange spiel'; spie, spij f. `pin'; spaan f.; { dial. speek }
Middle Low German: spit, spet n.; spīle `Bratspiess, Spiess, an dem man Fleisch, Würste usw. zum Räuchern oder Trocknen aufhängt, womit man etwas aufspreizt; die jungen Kielfedern (Stiften) in der Haut der Gans'; spīker `eiserner Nagel'; spīr n. `punt, van halmen en grasstengels; aar'; spān; spōn `kleiner hölzerner Spaten'
Low German: spīker `eiserner Nagel'
Old High German: spizza f. (8.Jh.); spiʒ m. (9.Jh.) 'Brat-, Holzspiess; Zweig, Gerte'; spizzi (9.Jh.) `spitz'; { spinula, spenula `Stacknadel, Schnalle' }; speihha, speihho (9.Jh.), speih (um 1000) `Speiche'; spān `Holzstücken, Holzscheit' (9.Jh.)
Middle High German: spiz, spitze adj.; spitze st./wk. f. 'spitze, spitzes ende irgendeines d.; schnabel an den schuhen; landspitze'; spiz, spitz, gen. -tzes st. m. 'spitze; pfahl, palisade; keilförmige schlachtordnung'; spiʒ, gen. -ʒʒes st. m. 'bratspiess; holzspiess, splitter'; spënel, spëndel f. 'stecknadel'; { vinne `Nagel' }; { spīl m. `Spitze des Speeres' }; md. spīcher (14.Jh.) `Speichernagel'; spān st. m. 'span, bes. holzspan; einschnitt ins kerbholz'; speiche wk. f. 'radspeiche'
German: spitz, Spitze f., Spiess m. 'Bratspiess'; { Speiler, dial. Speil `Span, Splitter, Zwickel, Keil' }; Speiche f.; Span m.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oswed,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-mengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-eastfris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-lg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ŭ̀bi
Meaning: to mince, saw
Russian meaning: крошить, пилить
Comments: Correspondences are basically regular, with the following comments: in Turkic one has to suppose secondary delabialization *bij- < *büj- ( < *büb-); the Kor. form pjàpắi- must be denominative, derived from a noun *pjàpắ- < *pibV-pu- < *pi̯ubi-p`u- ( = PTM *pubu-pu-). Cf. *p`i̯ṑpo: the two roots are sometimes hard to distinguish. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *bij-
Meaning: sharp edge, knife
Russian meaning: острый край, нож
Old Turkic: bi (OUygh.)
Khakassian: pi-ze- 'to whet, sharpen'
Yakut: bī
Dolgan: bī
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-hak,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *(h)üji-
Meaning: to crush, pulverize
Russian meaning: ломать на мелкие куски, крошить
Written Mongolian: üi-le-, üi-re- (L 1001) Khalkha: üjre-
Buriat: üjre-
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pubu-
Meaning: 1 to saw 2 saw
Russian meaning: 1 пилить 2 пила
Evenki: huwu- 1, hūwun 2
Even: hụ̄-na-
Negidal: xo-
Literary Manchu: fufu- 1, fufun 2
Ulcha: pụ̄- 1, pụpụ(n) 2
Orok: pụpụ-la-, pụ̄pụ(n) 2
Nanai: pō- 1, popõ 2
Oroch: xū 2
Udighe: xu 2
Solon: ōgĩ, ụ̄gĩ 2
Comments: ТМС 2, 336. The existing form reflect the verbal stem *pubu- and the derived noun *pubu-pu(n) (with some later confusion because of the loss of *-b-). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *pjàpắi-
Meaning: to mince, rub (in hands)
Russian meaning: крошить, растирать (в руках)
Modern Korean: pibi-
Middle Korean: pjàpắi-
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *piwa-
Meaning: to mince, cut into small slices
Russian meaning: размельчать, резать на мелкие куски
Old Japanese: pjiwa-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-comments,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *pxa-
Russian meaning: хрящ, остов
English meaning: cartilage, carcass
Georgian: pxa-
Georgian meaning (Rus.): хрящ, ость (злака)
Georgian meaning (Engl.): cartilage, beard (of spike)
Megrel: xa-
Megrel meaning (Rus.): хрящ змеи, чешуя рыбы
Megrel meaning (Eng.): snake cartilage, fish scale
Svan: pxa
Svan meaning (Rus.): кость рыбы, змееныш
Svan meaning (Eng.): fish bone, young of snake
Laz: mxa-
Laz meaning (Rus.): кость рыбы
Laz meaning (Eng.): fish bone
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 194, EWK 367. В МССHЯ 352-353 основа сравнивается с ПИЕ *(s)peHi- 'острие, острый конец', ур. *pȳ[ɣ]V 'кремень, острый камень', алт. *piubu ( < *piuɣu) 'точить' < ностр. *ṗi[H]V. Сравнение с ПЗК *pq(a)- 'кость, скелет' (см. ЭСКЯ ibid., Климов 1969) следует отвергнуть: последнее восстанавливается в виде *bǝq:Iʷǝ и сравнивается с ПВК *bŏnq̇_ō 'спина' (см. NCED 310).
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-grmean,kartet-egrmean,kartet-meg,kartet-mgmean,kartet-emgmean,kartet-sva,kartet-svmean,kartet-esvmean,kartet-laz,kartet-lzmean,kartet-elzmean,kartet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : PVHV
Meaning : sharp, to whet
Reference : ND 1652, 1836. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *faʔ-
Meaning: sharp point, arrow
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-lec,afaset-scu,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 293
Proto-Semitic: *pVʔ-
Meaning: 'edge'
Hebrew: pēʔā
Aramaic: pā/ăʔ-t-
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-arm,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *fyaH-
Meaning: 'arrow'
Bokos: nvyà [JgR]
Daffo-Butura: nvyàh [Jg]
Notes: cp. Ch *fiya 'shoot, sting' 1, 'prick' 2, 'pierce with a spear' 3: W Tangale peyi 1 [JgT], C Mofu fáf, féf 3 [BMof], E Kera féyá 2 [Eb].
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-bks,wchet-dfb,wchet-notes,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *fiʔ-/*fuʔ-
Meaning: 'arrow'
Oromo (Galla): fia, fue
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-oro,
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South Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-South Cushitic: *fay-
Meaning: 'arrow'
Alagwa (Wasi): fayu/e
Burunge (Mbulungi): fayu/e
scuet-prnum,scuet-meaning,scuet-alg,scuet-bur,
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