Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *-saŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to begin

Ket: bɛ́-śaŋ 'es beginnt', praet. bínśaŋ

Yug: bɛ́-saŋ, praet. bínsaŋ

Comments: Werner 1, 117 (w.r.)

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *c̣ä̆ŋʔV́

Meaning: new

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *c̣ä̆nʔV

Sino-Tibetan: *sĭn / *sĭŋ

Yenisseian: *-saŋ ( ~ -ä-)

Comments and references : HGC 21, WFR 82, LDC 38.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c̣ä̆nʔV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: new

Proto-Nakh: *c̣in-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣inhV-

Proto-Tsezian: *-ɨc̣Vn- A

Proto-Lak: c̣u-

Proto-Dargwa: *c̣i-

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣enjä- / *c̣enwä-

Proto-West Caucasian: *ć̣A

Notes: One of the most widely spread common NC roots. It is adjectival, but usually does not have class prefixes (the situation in some Tsez. languages must therefore be considered as a secondary innovation). In Khin. the root is preserved within the compound c̣ɨ-nas 'bride' (see *nŭsA).

    Cf. Urart. š(V)-uɣǝ 'new' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 34-35).

    See Trubetzkoy 1930, 275; Абдоков 1983, 142.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *c̣in-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: new

Chechen: c̣ina

Ingush: c̣ena

Batsbi: c̣inĭ

Comments: For the pure stem cf. Chech. c̣in-dan "to renew". The full form in PN shows vacillation between *c̣in-a(n) (Ing. c̣ena) and *c̣in-e(n) (Bacb. c̣inĭ); Chech. c̣ina may go back to either.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣inhV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: new

Avar: c̣íja-b

Chadakolob: č̣ija-b

Andian language: c̣iw

Akhvakh: č̣ĩ-da

Chamalal: c̣ĩw

Tindi: c̣ĩhu-b

Karata: c̣ijo-m

Botlikh: c̣ĩu

Bagvalal: c̣inu-b

Godoberi: c̣ĩju

Comments: Cf. also Kar. Arch., Anch. c̣ino-b, Tok. c̣inu-b.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *-ɨc̣Vn- A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: new

Tsezi: ec̣no

Ginukh: ec̣endiju

Khvarshi: ec̣nu

Inkhokvari: ɨc̣nu

Bezhta: ic̣ijo

Gunzib: ɨ̃c̣c̣u

Comments: PTsKh *ʔɨc̣(ɨ)n-, PGB *-ɨ̃c̣- (*-ɨc̣n-).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: c̣u-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: new

Lak form: c̣u-s:a

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *c̣i-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: new

Chiragh: c̣ize

Comments: Cf. also Kharb. c̣i-s:e 'new'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣enjä- / *c̣enwä-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: new

Lezghian: c̣iji

Tabasaran: c̣iji

Agul: c̣ajif

Rutul: c̣indɨ

Tsakhur: c̣edɨn

Kryz: c̣ijä

Archi: mac̣at:ut

Udi: ini

Comment: -j- and -w- are probably class suffixes (-w- postulated on basis of the Arch. form: *c̣enwä- > *c̣emä- > mac̣a-). The Udi form goes back to *c̣enjä- quite regularly, thus the assonance with Az. jeni is coincidental. See Бокарев 1961, 70; Гигинейшвили 1977, 100; Талибов 1980, 296.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ć̣A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 new 2 young 3 small, little

Abkhaz: a-č̣ǝ́-c 1

Abaza: č̣ǝ-c 1

Adyghe: c̣ǝ-ḳʷǝ 3

Kabardian: c̣ǝ-ḳʷ 3

Ubykh: ć̣a 1,2

Comments: PAT *ć̣ǝ-ćǝ 'new' - cf. Abkh. Bz. a-ć̣ǝ́ć. Historically this is probably a reduplication (with dissimilative loss of glottalisation in the second part). In the Abzh. dialect and in Abaz. the word was transformed to č̣ǝc under influence of another root, *č̣a q.v. The pure root *ć̣ǝ is preserved in Abkh. a-j-c̣-rá (Bz. a-j-ć̣-rá) 'to be younger, smaller', a-j-c̣-bá (Bz. a-j-ć̣-bá, Abaz. ajc̣ba) 'junior'.

    The AK languages preserve this root only within the compound *c̣ǝ-ḳʷǝ́ 'small, young, youngster' (c̣ǝ- regularly < *ć̣ǝ-; the precise meaning of the second component is not quite clear yet).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sĭn / *sĭŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: new

Chinese: 新 *sin new, renew.

Tibetan: gśin good, fine (cf. also gsiŋ-ma 'a place overgrown with young grass')

Burmese: sać new, LB *[ś]ikx.

Chinese characters :

Character: 新

Modern (Beijing) reading: xīn

Preclassic Old Chinese: sin

Classic Old Chinese: sin

Western Han Chinese: sjǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: sjǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: sjin

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sjin

Late Postclassic Chinese: sjin

Middle Chinese: sjin

English meaning : be new

Russian meaning[s]: 1) обновлять; новый, свежий; только что; заново; современный; новорожденный; 2) новобрачный

Comments: In Viet. cf. also a more archaic loan: tin, tín 'news'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 69

Four-angle index: 2004

Karlgren code: 0382 k-m

Vietnamese reading: tân

Jianchuan Bai: śĩ4

Dali Bai: śi5

Bijiang Bai: sẽ4

Shijing occurrences: 35.2, 35.3, 35.6, 43.1, 43.2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1632

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 新

MC description : 臻開三平真心

ZIHUI: 2450 2136

Beijing: śin 11

Jinan: śiẽ 11

Xi'an: śiẽ 11

Taiyuan: śiŋ 1

Hankou: śin 11

Chengdu: śin 11

Yangzhou: śĩ 11

Suzhou: sin 11

Wenzhou: saŋ 11

Changsha: sin 11

Shuangfeng: śin 11

Nanchang: śin 11

Meixian: sin 11

Guangzhou: šan 11

Xiamen: sin 11

Chaozhou: siŋ 11

Fuzhou: siŋ 11

Shanghai: siŋ 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: siǝn 1

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVNV

Meaning : new

Eurasiatic : *žVjŋV

Sino-Caucasian : *c̣ä̆ŋʔV́

Amerind (misc.) : ? *ti (rather *cV(n)) 'new' (R 504) [+ K], *c̣u(m) 'new; good' (R 505) [+ A]

African (misc.) : Cf. Macro-Khoisan *zV[nV] "new".

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *žVjŋV

Meaning: new, good

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *zèjńa

Uralic: *šeŋä

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *zèjńa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: new

Russian meaning: новый

Turkic: *jaŋɨ / *jeŋi

Mongolian: *sine

Tungus-Manchu: *seńe-

Korean: *sái

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 58-59, 283, Лексика 85. Cf. also WMong. saja, Kalm. sā 'newly' (KW 316), EAS 72, probably a variant of the same root with different vocalization. Turkic reflects an attributive form (*jeŋi < *jeń-ki); medial *-j- has to be reconstructed because of the loss of *-ń- in Kor.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jaŋɨ / *jeŋi

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: new

Russian meaning: новый

Old Turkic: jaŋɨ (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: jaŋɨ (MK)

Turkish: jeni

Tatar: jaŋa

Middle Turkic: jaŋɨ (MA, Abush.)

Uzbek: jangụ

Uighur: jeŋi

Sary-Yughur: jaŋɨ

Azerbaidzhan: jeni

Turkmen: jaŋɨ 'just, recently'

Khakassian: nā

Shor: na (Верб.)

Oyrat: d́aŋɨ

Halaj: jäŋgi

Chuvash: śǝnǝ

Yakut: saŋa

Dolgan: haŋa; hiŋil 'young'

Tuva: čā

Tofalar: ńā̃

Kirghiz: ǯaŋɨ

Kazakh: žaŋa

Noghai: jaŋɨ

Bashkir: jaŋɨ

Balkar: žanɣɨ

Gagauz: jeni

Karaim: jɨŋgɨ

Karakalpak: žaŋa

Salar: jaŋɨ

Kumyk: jaŋɨ

Comments: VEWT 185 (Räsänen is deriving this word from *jān 'side' which is quite improbable), EDT 943-4, ЭСТЯ 4, 124-125, Лексика 85, Stachowski 96, 104. Turk. > MMo, WMong. ǯaŋgi, Kalm. zäŋǵǝ 'news' (KW 470; doubts about this borrowing in TMN 1, 281, based on the early attestation of the meaning "discussion" in Mong., are hardly founded).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *sine

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: new

Russian meaning: новый

Written Mongolian: sine (L 711)

Middle Mongolian: šini (HY 6, SH), sīni (IM), šinä̆, šini (MA)

Khalkha: šine

Buriat: šene

Kalmuck: šinǝ

Ordos: šine

Dongxian: šǝni, šɨni

Baoan: šine

Dagur: šinken (Тод. Даг. 184, MD 217)

Shary-Yoghur: šǝnǝ

Monguor: šǝni (SM 375), śinǝ

Comments: KW 358, MGCD 717. Cf. also WMong. sene-r, Kalm. senr 'new, fresh' (KW 324).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *seńe-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: raw, unripe

Russian meaning: сырой, недоспелый

Literary Manchu: seni-xun, seńe-xun

Comments: ТМС 2, 141. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sái

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: new

Russian meaning: новый

Modern Korean: sä

Middle Korean: sái

Comments: Nam 295, KED 919.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1016

Proto: *šeŋä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: good, healthy

German meaning: gut, gesund; ? gerade

Finnish: hyvä 'gut' ( > Saam. N hivve 'good fellow'), hyvin 'gut, wohl; sehr, ganz, recht'

Estonian: hea, hüva (Urfinn. *šüvä > Saam. K T šuvva 'gut; vortrefflich' [?])

Saam (Lapp): sâvve- -v- (N) 'heal (of wound, sore)', savvō-, savvu- (L) 'heilen, vernarben' ?

Mordovian: čiv (E) 'gut, tüchtig, brav', čiva, -ań (M) 'gastfreundlich'

Mari (Cheremis): šu (KB) 'gesund, frisch', (MRS) 'здоровье' ?

Udmurt (Votyak): šońer (S K G) 'gerade, recht, wahr' ?

Komi (Zyrian): šań (S V) 'gut, tüchtig; schön' ?

Hungarian: igen (dial. égen, ügön) 'ja; sehr' ?

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