Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔaʔd (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bone

Ket: aʔt, pl. aŕeŋ⁵ (Bak., Sur. adeŋ⁵)

Yug: aʔt, pl. adɨŋ⁵

Kottish: araŋan, *araŋ 'limb, joint'; ar-ša, *aran-šān "knee"

Comments: ССЕ 178. Cf. also the derivatives: Ket adɨŋu⁵, Kur., South. ariŋu⁵ / aruŋu⁵ 'strong', Yug adɨŋoj⁵ id. ("bony"). Werner 1, 86 <*aʔt>.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʡǝ̆́mdV / *ʡǝ̆́mtV

Meaning: bone

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʡǝmdV

Yenisseian: *ʔaʔd (~x-)

Basque: *ondo

Comments and references : Irregular -d in PY (-t would be expected). FDCP 2.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʡǝmdV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: joint, bone

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hidi (~ħ-)

Proto-Dargwa: *h(I)and (~-t:)

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔa(m)t:

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hidi (~ħ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 spine, backbone 2 joint, articulation

Avar: hod 1

Chadakolob: hod 2

Karata: hidi (Tok.) 1

Comments: Av. paradigm A (gen. hódi-l). Borrowed from Av. are Gunz., Bezht. hod 'joint, articulation'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *h(I)and (~-t:)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: knee

Akusha: ʕaInd

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔa(m)t:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shin, shank 2 tubular bone

Agul: ad 1

Tsakhur: ad 2 (Khaidakov)

Comment: The data available do not allow to establish whether there was a *-m- in PL (suggested by the external evidence) or not.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *ondo

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 upper arm, humerus 2 nape, back of neck 3 trunk (of tree)

Bizkaian: bes-ondo 1, gar-ondo, garr-ondo 2, (Orozko) lep-ondo 2

Gipuzkoan: bes-ondo 1, gar-ondo, garr-ondo 2, lep-ondo 2

High Navarrese: gar-ondo, garr-ondo 2

Low Navarrese: gar(h)-ondo 2, leph-ondo 2

Salazarese: lep-ondo 2

Lapurdian: bes-ondo 1, gar(h)-ondo 2, lep-ondo 2, (Ainhoa) ondo 3

Zuberoan: bes-óndo 1

Roncalese: gar-ondo 2, lep-ondo 2

Comments: The words cited for meanings 1 and 2 are only some of the anatomical words containing *ondo 'joint'. Meaning 3 (also stem, vine) occurs in compounds like madari-ondo 'pear tree', sagarr-ondo 'apple tree', mahats-ondo 'grapevine'. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish this word from *ondo 'side, bottom' (q.v.) and *ɦonda-r̄ 'sand', and Romance hondo (< Lat. fundum) 'bottom'. These words have probably merged and blended in Bsq to some extent.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVMTV

Meaning : bone

Sino-Caucasian : *ʡǝ̆́mdV / *ʡǝ̆́mtV

Notes : So far found only in SC.

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