Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔapV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hotness; sweat

Ket: ā; a:ŋ "hot"; a:ŋgǝt³ "to warm up"; (Кастр.) ābataʁan, (КРС) abataʁan "to sweat"

Yug: āp; āfɛ¹ "hot(ly)"; afɨŋ⁵ "hot"; afɨŋet́ "to warm up"; (Кастр.) abbat́aʁan "to sweat"

Kottish: fal, phal "hot, warm"; pala (Бол.) "hotness"; apīkŋ, pl. apīkŋán "sweat"; apīkŋ uganaŋ "to sweat"; Ass. palá (М., Кл.), pfóltu (Сл., Срсл.), paltu (Кл.) "hot"

Arin: pentu (Лоск.) "hotness"

Comments: ССЕ 182. The Pump. (Срсл.) form afam "hot" is in reality Yug. Kottish and Arin display a not quite regular reduction of Anlaut in the derivative *ʔapV-l "warm, hot". Ket, Yug and Kottish reflect a Common Yenisseian compound *ʔapV ʔǝqan- 'to sweat', lit. 'to boil hotness'. Werner 1, 92-93 *ap^hǝ.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HV̆pV́

Meaning: to burn; hot

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *[ph]ǝw

Yenisseian: *ʔapV

Burushaski: *phu

Basque: *e=pel

Comments and references : NSC 60 *-pVHV ( ~ b-), DCE 23.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[ph]ǝw

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bake, set on fire

Chinese: 炮 *bhrū, *phrūs bake, roast, 烰 *bh(r)u to bake, steam, hot air.

Tibetan: ãbu (p. ãbus) be lighted, set on fire.

Burmese: phǝw stove, hearth; LB *pɨ (pǝw) 'dry, fire, sun'

Kachin: kǝbo¹ to bake, steam.

Kiranti: *ʔpù

Comments: Bodo ko-pǝ steam. Luce 29. The root frequently has the meaning "ashes", for the most part in compounds: cf. *[p]hǝw-ƛǝ̄, as well as Dhimal bu-suri, Tani *mat-bu, Aka hukhes-pu, Miji mai-bu, Konyak (Wancho) la-bu, Ao Naga opu, Nung (Rourou) na-ma-phu, Trung kha-phu etc.

Chinese characters :

Character: 炮

Modern (Beijing) reading: páo pào

Preclassic Old Chinese: phrūs bhrū

Classic Old Chinese: phrūh

Western Han Chinese: phrǝ̄wh

Eastern Han Chinese: phrǝ̄wh

Early Postclassic Chinese: phǝ̣̄̀w

Middle Postclassic Chinese: phạ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: phạ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: phạ̀w bạw

English meaning : to roast

Russian meaning[s]: жечь; жарить; выпаривать на огне; [pào] пушка, вм. 砲; [bāo] томить, тушить (мясо)

Comments: Related to 烰 *bh(r)u 'to roast; to steam' (where *bh- is corroborated by Fuzhou phu², pheu²). Also used in 炮** *bhrū-xrū 'be shouting and brawling'. Read also *phrū-s, MC phạ̀w (FQ 匹貌) id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 86

Four-angle index: 7111

Karlgren code: 1113 g

Jianchuan Bai: phao6

Dali Bai: pho6

Bijiang Bai: pho6

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 796

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 炮

MC description : 效開二去效滂

ZIHUI: 3517 1288

Beijing: phau 3

Jinan: phɔ 3

Xi'an: phau 3

Taiyuan: phau 3

Hankou: phau 3

Chengdu: phau 3

Yangzhou: phɔ 3

Suzhou: phä 31

Wenzhou: phuɔ 31

Changsha: phau 31

Shuangfeng: phǝ 31

Nanchang: phau 2

Meixian: phau 3

Guangzhou: phau 31

Xiamen: phau 31

Chaozhou: phau 31

Fuzhou: phau 31

Shanghai: phɔ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: phau 12

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *ʔpù

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: dry

Tulung: bu- dry (over fire)

Kaling: pünä (püŋɔ) dry by smoking

Yamphu: u:ma 'dry in the sun'

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: u:ma II

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <u:s- ; u:->

Grammar: v.tr.

Meaning: to dry in the sun

Comments: kokpa u:ma to dry garlic.

Nepali: sukkhāunu

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *phu

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: fire

Yasin: phu

Hunza: phu

Nagar: phu

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *epe-l

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 lukewarm, tepid 2 feeble, lacking energy

Bizkaian: epel 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: epel 1, 2

High Navarrese: epel 1

Low Navarrese: ephel 1

Lapurdian: ephel 1, (Ainhoa) 2

Baztanese: epel 1

Zuberoan: ephel 1

Roncalese: (Uztárroz) epel 2

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVHV

Meaning : fire

Eurasiatic : *ṗVxwV

Afroasiatic : *foḥ-

Sino-Caucasian : *HV̆pV́

Austric : PAA *bʔuh / *bʔoh 'to burn', PAN *Sapuy 'fire'

Amerind (misc.) : *paye 'fire' (R 261 [+ K]; cf. also Paezan *pV 'dry' under *ipi 'bone' (R 84) [? +A]; Penuti *pʔi:, Hokan *(i)pI-, Tanoan *pha, Paezan *paa-, Tupi-Guarani *apɨ under *pak 'burn' R 102); *pe 'sun, day' (R 718) [+ K]

African (misc.) : Bantu *-píà 'fire'.

Notes : PAN *qabu 'ashes', PAA *bʔɔh id. is possibly secondarily borrowed < ST.

Reference : МССНЯ 352, Bomhard 1996, 147, Peiros 1989.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗVxwV

Meaning: fire

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *peHwe-r-

Altaic: *p`i̯agV

Uralic: *päjwä

Kartvelian: *px(w)-

Dravidian: *pū- [or *paɣal- 1160]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *puje 'нагретый на огне'

References: МССНЯ 352, Bomhard 1996, 147; ND 1671 *ṗE(ɣ)iwA 'fire'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *pue-r/n-, *pwō- <PIH *-Hʷ->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: fire

Hittite: pahhur (Friedrich 154)

Tokharian: A por, B pūwar 'fire' (PT *puwār) (Adams 392)

Armenian: hur, gen. hroy `Feuer'; hnoch `Ofen'

Old Greek: pǖ̂r, gen. pürós n.; pü̆ǖ̆r by "distraction" Simon. 599 codd. Hdn.Gr. `Feuer' (the quoted often form pǘir "exist" as a bookish phantasy only!!!), pl. pürá n. `Wachtfeuer'; pürǟ́ `Feuerstätte, Scheiterhaufen', püretó-s m. `brennende Hitze, Fieber'

Slavic: *pɨ̄rь, *pɨ̄rīnā: Czech pyř glühende Asche, Slovak pyrina, Pol pyrzyna ds.

Baltic: *pan-ā̂ f.

Germanic: *fō-n (*fu-n-), *fu-n-an- m.; *fū-r-a- m., *fui-r-a- m., *fū-r-ia- n. (~ -iu-)

Other Italic: Umbr pir 'Feuer', acc. purom-e 'ins Feuer'; Osk aasaí purasiaí 'in ara igniaria'

Russ. meaning: огонь

References: WP II 14 b

Comments: Ir ūr `Feuer' n'existe point!!!

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *pan-ā̂ f.

Meaning: fire

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Old Prussian: panno `Feuer' V. 33

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *fō-n (*fu-n-), *fu-n-an- m.; *fū-r-a- m., *fui-r-a- m., *fū-r-ia- n. (~ -iu-)

Meaning: fire

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: fōn, gen. funins, dat. funin n. `fire'

Old Norse: fūr-r m., fǖr-r m. `Feuer' (poet.); füri n. `Feuer` (poet.); funi m. `Feuer'

Norwegian: für

Old Danish: für

Old English: fǖr (fīr), -es `fire, hearth'

English: fire

Old Frisian: fiūr, fiōr `Feuer'

Old Saxon: fiur `Feuer'

Middle Dutch: vuur, vier `Feuer'

Dutch: vuur n. `Feuer'

Old Franconian: fūir `Feuer'

Middle Low German: vǖr

Old High German: fiur (8.Jh.), Musp. vugir `Feuer'

Middle High German: viur, viwer, viuwer st. n. 'feuer'

German: Feuer

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1515

Root: peu̯ōr, pū̆r, Gen. pu-n-és, Lok. puu̯éni

English meaning: fire

German meaning: `Feuer'

General comments: mit mannigfacher Ausgleichung der r- und n-Formen und des Vokalismus

Material: Arm. hur (Gen. hroy) `Feuer' (*pū̆r-), hn-oc̣ `Ofen' (*pū̆n-); gr. πυ̃ρ, πῠρός `Feuer', wozu πυρά̄ `Feuerstätte, Herd, Scheiterhaufen', πυρετός m. `Fieber', πυρσός m. `Brandfackel', korinth.Πυρος `Pferdename' (*`feuerrot'), πυρρός, poet. πυρσός `feuerrot' (*πυρσός);

    umbr. pir `Feuer' (*pūr), Akk. purom-e `ins Feuer' (*pŭr-), osk. aasaí purasiaí `in araigniaria';

    aisl. fūrr m. `Feuer' (*pūr-) und fȳrr, fȳri; ahd. as. afries. fiur (*peu̯ri); ahd. älter fuir (zweisilbig, vgl. Musp. vugir), ags. fȳr (aus dem Lok. *puu̯éri);

    got. fōn `Feuer' (*pu̯ōn), Gen. Dat. funins, funin (letzterer aus *puneni, einer Kreuzung von *puu̯éni : *pun-és), aisl. funi m. `Feuer'; ahd. funko, mengl. fonke `Funke'; mit Ablaut (*pu̯on-) mnd. vanke `Funke';

    apr. panno `Feuer', panu-staclan `Feuerstrahl' (*pu̯on-u), Lw. finn. panu `Feuer';

    slav. *pūri̯a- m. `glühende Asche' in čech. pýř m. und pýři n. ds.; dazu ačech. pyřina `favilla', čech. pýřeti `glühen', serb. upíriti `anfachen' usw.;

    hitt. paḫḫur, paḫḫuwar, Dat. paḫhu(e)ni `Feuer'; toch. A por, В puwā̆r, pwār ds.

References: WP. II 14 f., WH. II 391, Trautmann 206, 232, Benveniste Origines 1, 10; Pedersen Hitt. 187 f.

Pages: 828

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`i̯agV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hot; sun, day

Russian meaning: жара; солнце, день

Mongolian: *heɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *pigi-

Korean: *pài

Japanese: *pí

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 108, 277. Final vowel uncertain, due to contractions in Kor.-Jpn. originated by the loss of *-g-.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *heɣe-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to heat, be heated

Russian meaning: греть, палить; греться

Written Mongolian: ege-, egege-, egsi- (L 296, 297, 300)

Middle Mongolian: xe'u- (SH)

Khalkha: ē-

Buriat: igā- 'греть (о солнце), греться (на солнце)'

Kalmuck: ē-

Ordos: ē-

Dongxian: šie-

Baoan: hē-

Dagur: š́ē- (Тод. Даг. 183)

Shary-Yoghur: hī-

Monguor: xē- (SM 166), śē-

Comments: KW 130, MGCD 248. Cf. also *heg-či-, WMong. egči-, Kalm. ekčǝ- id. (KW 118).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pigi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to warm, be warmed 2 to be sun-tanned (of skin)

Russian meaning: 1 греть, греться 2 загорать (о коже)

Evenki: hiɣit- 1

Even: hiɣъt- 1

Negidal: xō- 'пригорать'

Literary Manchu: fo- 2

Comments: ТМС 1, 467, 2, 322, 331. Neg. and Man. reflect *pigi-b-.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *pài

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dawn

Russian meaning: рассвет

Middle Korean: sài-pài (sāi- 'to dawn')

Comments: HMCH 152, Nam 295 (gives sài-pái, although HMCH has explicitly sài-pài). Modern sä-bjǝk (KED 922) 'dawn' is probably related, with a secondary suffixation.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pí

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: sun, day

Russian meaning: солнце, день

Old Japanese: pji

Middle Japanese: fí

Tokyo: hì

Kyoto: hī̂

Kagoshima: hí

Comments: JLTT 404. RJ has also a variant fì (besides the normal fí), but high tone is supported by the accent of the derived *pí-rù 'day, daytime' (RJ fírù, Tokyo hirú, Kyoto hírù, Kagoshima híru).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 725

Proto: *päjwä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: fire

German meaning: Feuer

Finnish: päivä 'Tag; Sonne'

Estonian: päev, gen. -a, dial. päiv, päe 'Tag; Sonne', päikene (gen. päikese) 'Sonne'

Saam (Lapp): bæi've -iv- (N) 'day; sun', pei'vē ~ päi'vē (L), piejve (T), piejv (Kld.), peiv (Not. A)

Mordovian: (same as in *päjä)

Khanty (Ostyak): (same as in *päjä)

Janhunen's version: (73) U *päjwä

Sammalahti's version: U *päjwä

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *px-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: теплый

English meaning: warm

Georgian: za-px-ul-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): лето

Georgian meaning (Engl.): summer

Svan: lu-px-w 'summer', mē-px-e 'clear sky'

Laz: ma-px-a 'clear sky, good weather'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 133, 194, EWK 366-367. Ср. ПИЕ *peHw- 'огонь', алт. *p`ige 'горячий', урал. *pīwe 'горячий, теплый' < ностр. *ṗiɣwV (МССНЯ 352; аналогичная этимология, с привлечением еще драв. *pū- 'искра, горящие уголья' дается в Bomhard 1996, 147). Сравнение с ПЗК *px(a)- 'теплый', предложенное в [Климов 1969, 290] следует отклонить: ПЗК форма восстанавливается как *pǝʎV 'теплый, варить' < ПСК *=VrʎĂn 'варить' (см. NCED 1030); сомнительно и сближение с ПВК материалом (*=HēwχV(n) 'нагреваться', см. NCED 563).

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *pū-

Meaning : spark

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *Pū-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *pū-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *Pū-

Meaning : spark

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : pū

Tamil meaning : spark, as of fire

Number in DED : 4347

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *pū-

Meaning : spark, embers

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *pū-a

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *puje

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): нагретый на огне, на пару

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *puʒe "

Proto-Itelmen: *puje-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *puʒe "

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): сажа 1, запеченное мясо 2

Chukchee: puɛ́-pu ", pujɛ- 1

Koryak: puje- 2

Palan: puje " 2

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *puje- EA

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): греть на пару

West Itelmen: poja-z 1, poja-t-ǝz 2, poja-kaz 3

West Itelmen meaning: vaporare aliquem 1, vaporare 2, vaporario uti 3

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): zagrzewać parą, naparzać 1, wyziewać wapory 2, naparzać się 3

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *faḥ-

Meaning: fire; burn

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Berber: *Hifaw 'fire' 1, 'ashes' 2

Egyptian: wfḥ 'burn' (l)

Western Chadic: *fwa/yaH-

Central Chadic: *ʔa-fwaH-

East Chadic: *ʔVPV- 'burn'

Omotic: Dime a(a)f 'burn'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: wfḥ (l)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'burn'

Notes: w- stands for a rounded vowel

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *fwa/yaH-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'burn'1, 'roast' 2 , 'fry' 3

Tangale: pipe 2 [JgT]

Diri: fáyá 3 [SkNb]

Dikshi: 1

Zaar: vwa: 1 [CLR: 54]

Kulere: fyef 2 [JgR]

Notes: redupl. in Tng and Kul, vwa: < *fwaH-

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *'afwV, *fwaH-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'fire' 1, 'boil' 2 , 'fry'3

Higi Futu: fo 2 [Kr N 372]

Higi Baza: fo 2 [Kr N 372]

Higi Nkafa: fwu-šɛ̀ [Kr]

Kapsiki=Higi Kamale: nu-fu 2 [Kr]

Gisiga: ʔavo <*ʔaf- 1 [CLR]

Munjuk: afu 1 [TMnj]

Logone: fo, fùù 1 , fiyu 3 [CLR]

Musgu: àfú 1 [CLR]

Gidar: ófo, afá 1 [CLR]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *ʔVPV-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'burn'

Kwang: èpē [CLR: 55]

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔpuj-X

Meaning: fire, burn

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *bʔuh / *bʔoh (also *bʔuh 'boil')

Austroasiatic meaning: burn, roast

Miao-Yao parallels: Yao bwi.3 to boil, bring to the boiling point

Proto-Austronesian: *Sapuy

Austronesian meaning: fire

Proto-Thai: *pai fire

References: Ben 290, Peiros 1998, 96.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *bʔuh / *bʔoh

Meaning: burn, roast

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: *bʔoh

Proto-Bahnaric: *bʔuh

Proto-Khmu: Mrabri bu

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *bʔoh

Meaning: to roast

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *bʔoh

Proto-East Katuic: *bʔoh/ *bʔuh

References: P-722; TK16.316

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *bʔoh

Meaning: to roast

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: boh

Bru Van Keu meaning: to roast, to burn

So: buh.N

So meaning: (TL)

Bru: bʌwh.N (DF)

Bru meaning: to roast

Sou: buh

Kui: buh.N

Kui meaning: to burn, to cremate

Kuay: buh.N

Kuay meaning: burn (vb trans)

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *bʔoh/ *bʔuh

Meaning: to roast

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: boh.T

Pakoh meaning: to put into fire to roast (corn), to burn incense

Taojh: boh.T

Taojh meaning: roast, fry (PT-184)

Lao Katu: bɨ̂h

Lao Katu meaning: to burn completely; to roast over a fire

Kri: boh

Chatong: poh.B

Kantu dialects: bɔh

Triw: buh

Dakkan dialects (1): buh

Dakkan dialects (2): buh

Dakkan meaning: burn (vt.), roast

Katu dialects (1): bɔh

Katu dialects (2): bɔh

Katu dialects (3): bʔɔh

Katu meaning: to roast corn

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *bʔuh

Meaning: roast

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: ʔbuh

Bahnar meaning: roast (not in D)

Proto-North Bahnaric: *buh.L

Proto-South Bahnaric: *buh

Proto-West Bahnaric: *buh

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *bɔh

Harak: bɔh

References: PNB-379, JS-521, TB9.2

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *buh.L

Meaning: roast

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: buh.L

Rengao meaning: roast

Jeh form: buh.L

Jeh meaning: roast meat

Sedang form: poh.L

Sedang meaning: roast

Hre form: buh.L

Hre meaning: roast

References: PNB-341

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *buh

Meaning: roast

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: buh

Chrau meaning: roast

Stieng form: rboh

Stieng meaning: be boiling

References: SBS-628

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *bɔh

Meaning: salt

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: bʌh

Jaru meaning: salt

Lavi: puɔh V?

Juk: bɔh.B

Nhaheung form: bɔh

Nhaheung meaning: salt

Brao form: bâh

Brao meaning: salt

References: JS-521

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *bɔh

Meaning: salt

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: bɔh

Kaseng: bɔh

Yaeh: bɔh

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *bɔh

Meaning: salt

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: bɔh

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