Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *k[ǝ]ŕga (~g-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: head

Ket: kʌjga

Arin: kolḱā

Pumpokol: kolka

Comments: ССЕ 237. A contracted form is probably present in Ket śuk-kɔĺ 'back of head' (*suga 'back' + *k[ǝ]ŕga 'head') (Werner's 2, 212 analysis as śuk 'back' + hɔĺ 'face, form' seems less likely). The PY reconstruction is somewhat complicated: Werner (1, 460) reconstructs <*kʌj- / *kʌl->, not specifying what he means by such an alternation. The equation Ket kʌjga = Arin kolḱā speaks unambiguously of PY *k[ǝ]ŕga. The word may indeed be an old compound with an unclear second part *-ga (as Werner writes ibid.); for the first part cf. Ket kʌ́je (ibid.) 'head; head, leader' - but this can be just a dialectal (Southern) variant pronunciation of the same kʌjga.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *gwǝ[lḳ]wǝ́

Meaning: round object; skull; head

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *gwɨ[l]gwǝ

Yenisseian: *k[ǝ]ŕga (~g-)

Comments and references : Different in NSC 56.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *gwɨ[l]gwǝ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: round object; skull

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *gʷVngʷV-

Proto-Tsezian: *gʷɨg(ʷ)V- (~-o-)

Proto-Lak: k:ark

Proto-Lezghian: *k:u[r]k:

Notes: An expressive root with some uncertainty about the medial resonant. It must be distinguished from *gīrgwV 'round' q.v.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *gʷVngʷV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skull

Avar: gʷangʷára

Comments: Av. gen. gʷangʷára-dul. The Av. word is borrowed in God. gʷangʷara id.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *gʷɨg(ʷ)V- (~-o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cheek

Bezhta: gogā

Gunzib: gogor

Comments: PGB *gogɔr(u) (cf. also Bezht. Tlad. gugaro, Khosh. gogaro).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: k:ark

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: edge; top of a round or oval object

Lak form: k:ark

Comments: Lak. k:ark < *k:ʷark:, cf. gen. k:urk:a-l.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *k:u[r]k:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 skull 2 occiput 3 crown of head 4 pumpkin

Lezghian: k:ug 4

Tabasaran: gug 2,4

Agul: gurga-ħ 1

Rutul: gug-uj 3 (Khniukh.)

Comment: PL obl. base *k:u[r]k:a- (cf. Tab. guga-, Ag. gurga-ħ which is originally a locative form). Reconstruction of *-r- is not very reliable, since it should have been preserved in Tab.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVLV

Meaning : round

Eurasiatic : *ḳoĺV

Afroasiatic : *kul- (? *ḳul-)

Sino-Caucasian : *gwǝ[lḳ]wǝ́ (also PST *qhʷăɫ, *qʷǝ̄l); cf. also *=V̆ḳV́ɫ

Reference : МССНЯ 345-346 (+ 332 under 'бродить'), ОСНЯ 1, 326; GE 23 *kol (+ NS).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳoĺV

Meaning: round

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *kʷel-

Altaic: *k`ulo

Uralic: *kulke (? + Selk. koĺa)

Kartvelian: *ḳwer-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kǝvlǝ-

References: МССНЯ 345-346 (+ 332 under 'бродить'), ОСНЯ 1, 326-327; ND 1054 *ḳol̄yV 'round, to turn, turn around'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kʷel-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: wheel

Slavic: *kolo, gen. -ese

Baltic: *kel-a- n.

Germanic: *xwil-a- n.

Latin: colus, -ūs f., colus, -ī f.(/m.) 'прялка; спряденная нитка'

Celtic: OIr cul `vehicle' ( < *kʷolā)

Russ. meaning: колесо

References: WP I 514 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kel-a- n.

Meaning: wheel

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Old Prussian: kelan `Rad' V. 295

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xwila-n

Meaning: wheel

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: hvel n. `Rad'

Norwegian: dial. kvel

Swedish: dial. hvel

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`úlo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to roll, turn

Russian meaning: катиться, вертеться

Turkic: *Kul-

Mongolian: *kol-ki-

Tungus-Manchu: *xol- / *xul-

Korean: *kùbɨ̀r-

Japanese: *kǝ́rǝ́-mp-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 288, ОСНЯ 1, 327 (with literature; Illich-Svitych also compares Mong. qoli- 'to mix', but does not list the Turkic and Japanese forms). Cf. also Mong. kölbe- 'to lie on one side' (KW 238), qolbir- `to slip sidewards'. The attribution of some forms is problematic: Turk. *Kul- may reflect a partial contamination with PA *gi̯ŭldo 'to stretch' (q. v.).; the Jpn. and Kor. forms, due to the merger of *r and *l, can actually also reflect PA *ki̯ṓr[i] q. v.; in Jpn. cf. also koro 'round log', korog- 'to roll, rotate'. Note that the MKor. form with -w-, -'- makes the affiliation of the Korean root questionable - unless it is a dissimilative development < *kurb-ɨr-, in which case it would be a morphological structure *k`úlo-bV- = PJ *kǝ́rǝ́mp-, Mong. kölbe-, qolbir-.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kul-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to roll (down), fall 2 round

Russian meaning: 1 скатываться, падать 2 круглый

Middle Turkic: qula- 1 (Буд.)

Uzbek: qulä- 1

Uighur: qula-, ɣula- 1

Sary-Yughur: qula-, Gol- 1

Oyrat: qula- 1

Kirghiz: qula- 1

Kazakh: qula- 1

Bashkir: qola- 1

Karakalpak: qula- 1

Salar: gulɨlüx 2

Comments: VEWT 298, ЭСТЯ 6, 122.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kol-ki-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be restless, go round and round

Russian meaning: вертеться, не сидеть на месте

Written Mongolian: qolkida- (L 959)

Khalkha: xolxi-

Buriat: xolxi 'shaky, wobbly'

Kalmuck: xoĺgǝdǝ-

Ordos: Golχido-

Comments: KW 182.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xol- / *xul-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 dance, move in dancing 2 climb down, out (from a vehicle, boat) 3 bend (of a river) 4 to walk around, turn round

Russian meaning: 1 танцевать, двигаться в пляске 2 высаживаться (из лодки), слезать (с телеги) 3 излучина (реки) 4 обходить, объезжать

Evenki: olo-nmū- 1, uli-sin 3

Even: ụlịna 3

Negidal: olị-sịn- 4

Ulcha: χolon- 2, χōlị- 4

Orok: χụlon- 2, χōlị- 4

Nanai: xulun- 2, xōlị- 4

Oroch: xolon-o- 2 ( < Orok.), uli- 4

Udighe: xoli- 4 ( < Nan.)

Comments: ТМС 1, 470; 2, 16, 261.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kubɨr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: roll

Russian meaning: катиться

Modern Korean: kūl-, kurɨ-

Middle Korean: kù'ɨ̀r-, kù'ur-

Comments: Nam 60, KED 199, 217.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kǝ́rǝ́-mp-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: roll

Russian meaning: катиться

Middle Japanese: korob-

Tokyo: kòrob-

Kyoto: kórób-

Kagoshima: korób-

Comments: JLTT 713.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 391

Proto: *kulke-

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to move, walk

German meaning: sich bewegen, gehen (zu Lande und zu Wasser)

Finnish: kulke- 'gehen, wandern, fahren, sich bewegen'

Estonian: kulge- 'sich bewegen, sich begeben'

Saam (Lapp): gǫl'gâ- -lg- (N) 'run (of water), float, leak', kål'kå- (L) 'fließen, rinnen, strömen; sich herumtreiben, vagabundieren', kolki̊- (T), kolke- (Kld. Not.) 'fließen'

Mordovian: koĺge- (E M) 'triefen, rinnen, sickern'

Komi (Zyrian): ki̮lal- (s), ki̮va^.v- (P) 'stromabwärts treiben (intr.)', ki̮lt- (S), ki̮vt- (P) 'mit dem Strom fahren od. schwimmen', kølt- (PO) 'auf dem Wasser fließen'

Khanty (Ostyak): kɔɣǝl- (V), χoχǝt- (DN), χǫχǝл- (Kaz.) 'schreiten, laufen'

Hungarian: halad-, dial. hallad- 'fortschreiten, vorwärtskommen, (altung.) sich hinziehen, sich verschieben', halaszt- 'verschieben, verzögern, (altung.) anweisen, verweisen'

Nenets (Yurak): χūlā- (O) 'von der Strömung getrieben schwimmen', ? χū (ō), ḳūw (Nj.) 'vom Wasser an das Ufer getriebener Baum'

Selkup: kuuremba- (Ta.) 'schwimmen', quri̮- (Ta.) 'tragen (der Strom)', qūra- (Ty.) 'schaukeln, schwimmen'

Kamass: kål-, χål- 'gehen, wandern' ?

Sammalahti's version: (FU?) *kulki-

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳwer-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: круглый; лепешка

English meaning: round; scone

Georgian: ḳwer-, ḳweḳwer-a

Megrel: ḳwar-; ḳwarḳwal-ia 'round'

Laz: ḳwar-; (?) ḳorḳol-a 'frizzle; sheep excrements'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 110, EWK 198. Иллич-Свитыч (ОСНЯ 1, 326) добавляет еще сван. (лашх.) ḳwāši 'круглая хлебная лепешка' и восстанавливает варианты *ḳwer- / *ḳwal- (*ḳwaź-?), возводя корень к ностр. *ḳoĺV 'круглый' (ПИЕ *kʷel- 'круглый, вертеться', урал. *koĺa 'круг', алт. *k`ulo 'катиться, вертеться', драв. *kū̆ḷ- id.). Картв. формы, однако, могут иметь и СК происхождение: ср. ПСК *=ăḳur 'катиться, вертеться' (NCED 259-260), *ḳwVrḳV 'нечто круглое' (NCED 740; ср. также под *ḳrḳ-; к формам со значением "лепешка" ср. ПВК *ḳwɨ̆ḳwV̆ 'лепешка', имеющее хурритскую (kakkari) и аккадскую (kakkaru) параллели).

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kǝvlǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): кружиться, оборачиваться

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *kǝ̣fLǝ̣-

Proto-Itelmen: *k'ile-

Comments: Ср. этимологически связанный вариант *kŭvlǝ- 'месяц (временной), круглый' (998).

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *kǝ̣fLǝ̣-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вертеться, кружиться 1, скатиться 2, колесо 3, юла, волчок, (веретено) 4

Chukchee: kúwlǝ- 1, kuwlǝ́-tku- 2, kuwlú-c(ʔ)ǝ-n 3, (АБ) kuul 3, kuúl-kuul ", kúwlǝ-qɛj 4

Koryak: kǝwl-át- 2 (III), kuwlǝ́-chǝ-n 3, kuwli-chǝ-n 4

Alutor: kǝvǝ̀llǝ, kǝvlǝ- 4, kǝvĺǝ-ĺʔat- 1

Comments: Ср. *kǝ̣fL-(uk) с первичным значением 'круглый по форме' (1811), а здесь скорее функциональное значение 'катиться, кружиться, колесо'.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *k'ile- EA

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вертеться, обернуться, колесо

Itelmen: k'ile-kes

Itelmen meaning: вертеться, кружиться 1, обернуться 2, колесо 3, вертеть 4

West Itelmen: kẹlazǝ-kaz

West Itelmen meaning: circumagi, rotari

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): kręcić się

South Itelmen: kiĺ-si

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): evertus

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): prewracony, obalony

Number in Volodin 1976: 418

Comments: Использование Дыбовским в зап. камч. буквы "ять" указывает на абруптивный характер соседнего заднеязычного.

Afroasiatic etymology :

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