Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *sisa(l)-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lungs, liver

Kottish: šičātn, pl. -aŋ 'lungs', šičil, pl. -aŋ 'liver'; Ass. (Бол.) šišatɨn 'lungs'

Arin: šišali (Лоск.) 'lungs', sal (reduction < *sVsal?) 'liver'

Comments: ССЕ 275. Not quite clear is the position of Werner: he accepts the reconstruction *sisa(l)- on p. 2, 438, but on the next page (2, 439) treats the same words as a compound *si + *sil (?), lumping together all the forms and also adding all those analyzed under *seŋ.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ć̣ĕć̣Ĕ́

Meaning: an internal organ

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ć̣ĕć̣Ĕ

Sino-Tibetan: *ćat

Yenisseian: *si(ʔ)sa(l)-

Comments and references : KS 224, LDC 18.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ć̣ĕć̣Ĕ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: kidney

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔur-cec

Proto-Khinalug: c̣ic̣in

Proto-West Caucasian: *č̣́ač̣́a

Notes: Initial *ʔur- in PD is a frequent prefix (a former class exponent?). Despite some phonetic difficulties (loss of glottalisation in PD which we still can not explain), the comparison seems plausible.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔur-cec

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: kidney

Akusha: urcec

Comments: Cf. also Kait., Tsud. urcec. Kharb. urclerc is irregular - under the influence of the name for 'spleen' q.v.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *č̣́ač̣́a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: kidney

Abkhaz: a-č̣́áč̣́a

Abaza: č̣́ač̣́a

Adyghe: źaźǝj

Kabardian: źaźaj

Ubykh: č̣́ā́č̣́a

Comments: PAT *č̣́ač̣́a (cf. also Abkh. Bzyb. a-č̣́áč̣́); PAK *źaźǝ́jǝ. The Abkh. and Ub. form correspond very well to each other and can only go back to PWC *č̣́ač̣́a (note that Ub. also has źaźǝ́ja 'kidney', borrowed from Ad.). However, the phonetic explanation of the PAK form is more difficult (we should also expect *č̣́ač̣́a). Shagirov (1977, 200) divides the AK form into the root *źa- and a diminutive suffix *-źǝjǝ; but we should rather think of a contraction and assimilation *č̣́ač̣́a-źǝjǝ > *č̣́a-źǝjǝ > *źaźǝjǝ. In any case, it is impossible to separate the PAK form from other WC forms.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ćat

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: womb, placenta

Kachin: pu-ǯat 'womb'

Lepcha: a-jeŋ-čot 'placenta'

Comments: STEDT 290-291 *tsat, comparing also Thaoa (Chin) tat 'womb', Hayu tsat-nomri 'placenta' as well as some LB and Karen forms.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVNCV

Meaning : an internal organ

Eurasiatic : *CV(n)CV ?

Sino-Caucasian : *ć̣ĕć̣Ĕ́

Notes : Cf. ND *sĕ̀t' liver'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *[c]V(n)ʒwV

Meaning: breast

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *č`à̆jǯV

Uralic: *śićä ~ *śińćä

Kartvelian: *ʒuʒu 'female breast'

Dravidian: *čāc-

Comments: Assimilations.

References: ND 2206 *ŝüNʒV 'milk; to suckle' (Ur. + incorr. Kartv. + incorr. Mong. + ?Eg.); 2769 *ʒ́ü(n)ʒ́V 'teat, female breast' (+ Sem.).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *č`ằjǯV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: breast

Russian meaning: грудь

Turkic: *čičig (/*čɨčɨg)

Mongolian: *čeɣeǯi

Tungus-Manchu: *ča(i)ǯa-n

Korean: *čjǝ́č

Japanese: *tì, *tìtí

Comments: Martin 227, Lee 1958, 107, АПиПЯЯ 32-33, 76, 88, 279. An expressive reduplicated root, but no doubt common Altaic. Because of its structure, liable to assimilations (*č`ằjǯV > *ǯằjǯV or *č`ằjč`V).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *čičig (/*čɨčɨg)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 breast (fem.) 2 female sheep 3 sheep tail 4 roasted sheep tail 5 roasted fat

Russian meaning: 1 грудь (женская) 2 овцематка 3 курдюк 4 жареный курдюк 5 жареный жир

Tatar: čɨžɨq (R, Буд. - Kas.), čɨʒɨq (R - Tob.) 5

Middle Turkic: čičiɣ 2, 3 (R - Vam.), čɨčɨɣ, čɨčɨq 4 (R - Zenker)

Chuvash: čǝǯǝ 1

Comments: VEWT 110. An onomatopaeic root, attested late - but possibly archaic because of the external evidence. The assumed semantic development in Chag. and Tat. is 'udder' > 'roasted udder' > 'fat roasted piece of meat'.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *čeɣeǯi

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: breast

Russian meaning: грудь

Written Mongolian: čegeǯi(n) (L 170)

Middle Mongolian: če'eǯi (SH)

Khalkha: cēž

Buriat: sēže

Kalmuck: cēǯǝ, čēǯǝ

Ordos: čēǯi

Dagur: čēǯi (Тод. Даг. 181, MD 128)

Shary-Yoghur: čīǯ

Monguor: śiǯan

Mogol: čeiǯi (Ramstedt 1906)

Comments: KW 428, 438, MGCD 565.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ča(i)ǯa-n

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 breast (fem.) 2 udder

Russian meaning: 1 грудь (ж.) 2 вымя

Evenki: ǯadan 2

Even: ǯeǯin(/-a-) 2

Negidal: ǯojan 1

Literary Manchu: čeǯen 1

Orok: dada-qta 1, 2

Nanai: ǯaǯaqta 1, 2 (Он.)

Comments: ТМС 1,242, 2,419. The Manchu form may be < Mong. (see Rozycki 45); in that case one has to reconstruct *ǯa(j)ǯa(n) for PTM. In both cases initial *ǯ- is historically a result of assimilation to the medial -ǯ-.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *čjǝ́č

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: breast (f.)

Russian meaning: грудь (женская)

Modern Korean: čǝt [čǝč]

Middle Korean: čjǝ́s

Comments: Nam 426, KED 1460.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *tì, *tìtí

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: breast (fem.)

Russian meaning: грудь (женская)

Old Japanese: ti

Tokyo: chichí

Kyoto: chìchí

Kagoshima: chichí

Nase: čí

Shuri: čī́

Hateruma: cɨ̄́

Yonakuni: čī̀

Comments: JLTT 545, 546.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 980

Proto: *śićä ~ *śińćä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: inside

German meaning: Inneres

Finnish: sisä 'das Innere ( > Saam. N sisâ (postp.)'into, in', Wfs. si̮i̯sɛ̮ (postp.) 'in'), sisälö 'das Innere, Busen' ?

Estonian: sisi (gen. see) 'Inneres', sisicond 'Eingeweide' ?

Hungarian: szügy, szűgy 'Brust', szëgy, szegy 'Brust, Bruststück' ?

Enets (Yen): śud́o (Ch.), śuso (B) 'Brust', sud́e, sod́e (Ch.), suse (B) 'Inneres' ?

Nganasan (Tawgi): sinśa 'Brust'

Janhunen's version: (101) *s'üns'i 'breast'

Sammalahti's version: *s'üns'i 'breast' (FP anders)

Addenda: Kar. sisälö, sizeli 'Busen'; Taig. künšu-m 'Brust'

Kartvelian etymology :

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *čāc-

Meaning : breast (nursery word)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *čāc-

Proto-Telugu : *cāc-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *čāc-

Meaning : breast, breast milk

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : cāci

Tamil meaning : mother's milk (nursery)

Kannada : cāci, tāci

Kannada meaning : a childish word for the female breast

Number in DED : 2436

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *cāc-

Meaning : woman's breast (B. a child's word)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : cāci

Number in DED : 2436

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