Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *wǝ-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: not, there is not

Ket: bъ̄ń / bъń "not, there is not"; bъńśeŋ¹, bъtśeŋ¹, bъńčǝŋ¹ "there is not"

Yug: bъń "not, there is not"; bъ̄śɛ "there is not"

Kottish: bō "prohibitive particle"; mon, *mōn "not"; Ass. (М., Сл.) mon "not"

Arin: bon (Кл.) "there is not", (М., Сл.) "not"

Pumpokol: a-mút, amut (Сл.) "not"

Comments: ССЕ 294. Pump. bejsem "there is not" (Кл.) is most probably a Yug form. The pure stem *wǝ is reflected only in Kott. bō; other forms reflect a derived *wǝ-n. Werner 1, 157 <*bǝ / *bǝn>.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ma ( ~ -ǝ)

Meaning: not, prohibitive particle

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ma ( ~ -ǝ)

Sino-Tibetan: *mă(H)

Yenisseian: *wǝ-

Comments and references : HGC 21, NSC 64 *mV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ma ( ~ -ǝ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a prohibitive particle

Proto-Nakh: *ma

Proto-Tsezian: *-m

Proto-Lak: ma

Proto-Lezghian: *mV

Proto-West Caucasian: *mǝ

Notes: A common NC prohibitive particle (its use as a general negation in some subgroups is probably secondary). See Trubetzkoy 1930, 273.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ma

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a prohibitive particle ("do not...")

Chechen: ma

Ingush: ma

Batsbi: ma

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *-m

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a negative particle

Tsezi: -n-č̣

Ginukh: -go-m

Khvarshi: -b-č̣

Inkhokvari: -b-

Comments: PTsKh *-m (only in compounds with other particles; Tsez. -n- in -nč̣- is a result of assimilation). Reasons for denasalisation in Khvarsh. and Inkh. are not quite clear.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ma

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a prohibitive particle

Lak form: ma

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *mV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a prohibitive particle

Lezghian: -mir

Tabasaran: m-

Agul: m-

Rutul: m-

Tsakhur: m-

Kryz: m-

Budukh: m-

Udi: ma

Comment: Mostly used as a prefix, although in Ud. the particle has conserved its separate status.

    See Aлексеев 1985, 100.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *mǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: not (negative particle)

Abkhaz: m-

Abaza: -m-

Adyghe: mǝ-

Kabardian: mǝ-

Ubykh: -m(a)-

Comments: Used in AA and Ub. as both negative and prohibitive particle; in the AK languages it is a common prohibitive morpheme and is also used in deverbatives (e.g., in infinitives etc.); as a general negative morpheme it was absolutely lost in Ad., and in Kabardian stayed only within the complex negative suffix -q:ǝ-m.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mă(H)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: not

Chinese: 無 *ma not have, not.

Tibetan: ma not.

Burmese: maʔ a verbal negative.

Kachin: maʔ³ be exhausted, ended, šǝmat² be lost; (H) ma nothing (cf. also mje be lost, gone).

Lushai: KC *maʔ ~ māk' (cf. Lush. ma (māk) to give up, to divorce (one's wife)).

Lepcha: ma 1 for mat used in negative; ma 2 i.q. mă part.neg.

Kiranti: *mV

Comments: Cf. also Tib. min ( < ma-gin) is not; Burm. majʔ have not; OCh. 勿 *mǝt don't, 未 *mǝts not yet, 亡 *maŋ have not. Moshang mu; Namsangia ma; Kanauri ma; Kham ma negative affix; PG *ma'^L be lost; BG: Bodo ga-ma disappear, ka-ma to lose, Dimasa gama, kama lose, disappear, perish, khama destroy, Garo mat be spent, gimat destroy; Kham ma^L become lost; Magari hma, hmat be lost. Ben. 101, Sh. 134, 430.

Chinese characters :

Character: 無

Modern (Beijing) reading: wú

Preclassic Old Chinese: ma

Classic Old Chinese: ma

Western Han Chinese: ma

Eastern Han Chinese: mwa

Early Postclassic Chinese: mwo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mwo

Late Postclassic Chinese: mwo

Middle Chinese: mü

English meaning : there is no, have no; don't!

Russian meaning[s]: 1) не иметь; отсутствовать; лишенный; без-; 2) не, нет; еще нет; 3) нельзя, не надо, не смей; 4) древн. междометие о!; 5) У (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 亡也.從亡.#聲. [634]

Comments: Prohibitive usage of *ma is attested only since Shijing (see Schüssler 646); earlier it was only expressed by 毋 *mǝ. For initial *m- cf. Min forms: Xiamen bɔ², Chaozhou bo², Fuzhou mo², Jianou mau⁹. Related negations in Chinese include 莫 *māk, 毋 *mǝ, 亡 *maŋ, 勿 *mǝt and some others.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 86

Four-angle index: 8547

Karlgren code: 0103 a-f

Jianchuan Bai: -mo1

Dali Bai: mu1

Bijiang Bai: -mu1

Shijing occurrences: 2.2, 17.2, 17.3, 23.3, 26.1, 27.3, 29.3, 32.2, 35.1, 49.1, 49.2, 51.3, 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 54.4, 57.3, 58.1, 58.2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1447

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 無

MC description : 遇合三平虞微

ZIHUI: 2477 0939

Beijing: u 12

Jinan: u 12

Xi'an: vu 12

Taiyuan: vu 1

Hankou: u 12

Chengdu: vu 12

Yangzhou: u 12

Suzhou: vu 32

Wenzhou: vu 12

Changsha: u 12

Shuangfeng: ǝu 12

Nanchang: u 31

Meixian: vu 12

Guangzhou: mou 12

Xiamen: bu 12 (lit.); bɔ 12

Chaozhou: bo 12

Fuzhou: u 12

Shanghai: ɦu 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: u 12

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *mV

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: not

Sunwar: ma

Tulung: mi, me

Kaling: mu-

Limbu: me, men

Kulung: ma

Yamphu: maʔama

Comments: Toba 93 *mi. Cf. *mát.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: me:n

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi.

Meaning: negative 'to be', vide 3.1.1

Comments: i.e. 'it is not the case that'.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: ma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: neg.

Meaning: not.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: maʔama

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <maʔad-/ma:d- ; maʔa-/ma:->

Grammar: v.intr.stat.

Meaning: negative existential and locative to be.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : MV

Meaning : prohibitive / negative particle

Eurasiatic : *ma

Afroasiatic : *mV negat. particle (Ar., Eg., Cush., Chad.)

Sino-Caucasian : *ma ( ~ -ǝ)

Austric : *mV

Reference : ND 1353.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ma

Meaning: prohibitive particle, not

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *mē

Altaic: *ma

Kartvelian: *ma-

Dravidian: *mal- (+ Gnd. -ma-)

References: ND 1353 *ma 'do not'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *mē

Meaning: part. prohibit.

Tokharian: A, B mā (PT *mā) 'not, no' (Adams 445)

Old Indian: mā

Avestan: mā

Other Iranian: OPers mā

Armenian: mi

Old Greek: mḗ

Albanian: mos

Russ. meaning: отриц. част.

References: WP II 236 f

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1230

Root: mē-1

English meaning: prohibitive particle

German meaning: `(daß) nicht'

Grammatical comments: prohibitiv

Material: Ai. av. apers. mā, gr. μή, arm. mi ds., alb. mos ds. (aus *mo = idg. *mē + s, das vielleicht auf idg. kʷe zurückgeht).

References: WP. II 236 f.

Pages: 703

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ma

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a negative particle

Russian meaning: отрицательная частица

Turkic: *-ma-

Tungus-Manchu: *-me

Korean: *mō-t

Japanese: *-ma-

Comments: ОСНЯ 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to note Mong. *büi, *bu 'neg. particle' - which may be originally the same morpheme, but functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *-ma-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: not

Russian meaning: не

Old Turkic: -ma-

Karakhanid: -ma-

Turkish: -ma-

Tatar: -ma-

Middle Turkic: -ma-

Uzbek: -ma-

Uighur: -ma-

Sary-Yughur: -ma-

Azerbaidzhan: -ma-

Turkmen: -ma-

Khakassian: -ma-

Shor: -ma-

Oyrat: -ma-

Halaj: -ma-

Chuvash: -ma-

Yakut: -ma-

Tuva: -ma-

Tofalar: -ma-

Kirghiz: -ma-

Kazakh: -ma-

Noghai: -ma-

Bashkir: -ma-

Balkar: -ma-

Gagauz: -ma-

Karaim: -ma-

Karakalpak: -ma-

Salar: -mɨ-

Kumyk: -ma-

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *-me

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: a prohibitive particle

Russian meaning: запретительная частица

Spoken Manchu: emǝ 'don't' (3005)

Literary Manchu: ume

Jurchen: ume (472)

Nanai: em

Oroch: em

Comments: ТМС 2, 272. Initial u- is probably an original verbal root (possibly PTM *ō- `to make; become').

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *mō-t

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: impossible (adv.); bad, wicked

Russian meaning: невозможно (нар.); плохой

Modern Korean: mōt [mōs], mōǯil-

Middle Korean: mōt 1, mōtír- 2

Comments: Nam 215, 217, KED 635, 647.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *-ma-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dubitative suffix

Russian meaning: суффикс дубитатива

Old Japanese: -ma-

Middle Japanese: -ma-

Tokyo: -ma-i

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ma-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: не (запретительное)

English meaning: not (prohibitive)

Svan: mā-d(e), mō-de

Laz: mo-t

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 124, EWK 227. В ОСНЯ 56 сравнивается с ПИЕ *mē, драв. *ma-, алт. *me- / *be- id. Аналогичная запретительная частица представлена и в ПСК *ma (NCED 797).

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *mal- (?)

Meaning : [negative morpheme]

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *mal-

Proto-North Dravidian : *mal

Notes : Nearly-isolated PNDR form with an obscure Tamil correspondence.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *mal-

Meaning : negative morpheme

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : -mal

Tamil meaning : in negative adverbial suffix -āmal (Su. 1971, pp. 391, 394-5)

Number in DED : 4743

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *mal

Meaning : no, not

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : mal "not"

Malto : mala

Additional forms : Also KUR malā not, no; malnā not to be (so); malʔā not (when the negation falls on one single word which is being opposed to another word); no; malkā deprived of, lacking; mal- (past mall-) to be not.

Number in DED : 4743

Afroasiatic etymology :

Semitic etymology :

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *mV

Meaning: negative particle

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: ʔVm

Austroasiatic meaning: not, negative

Proto-Thai: *mV

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: ʔVm

Meaning: not, negative

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Palaungic: WA *ʔaŋ

Khasi: em

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *ʔVN

Meaning: not, no

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *ʔaŋ

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa: *ʔaŋ

Meaning: not

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: ʔaŋ

Paraok meaning: not

Wa: ʔaŋ

Wa meaning: not

Ava: ʔaŋ

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