Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *xur

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rain

Ket: uĺeś^5,6

Yug: ures^5,6

Kottish: ur, *ūr, pl. ūraŋ; (Бол.) ur id.; Ass. ur (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.), ür (Кл.); Kam. urax (Стр.); Koib. uraš (Мес., П)

Arin: kur (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "rain"; kuraasa (Лоск.) id.

Pumpokol: ur-áit (Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "rain"; ures (Кл.) "rain" [= Yug.]

Comments: ССЕ 297. All languages, besides the simple form *xur, reflect also the compound *xur-ʔes 'rain-sky'. Werner 2, 338 <*ʔuʎ(es) / *k^huʎ(es)>.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ŭGwV́

Meaning: rain

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ŭGwV

Sino-Tibetan: *qhʷăH ( *r-)

Yenisseian: *xur ( + *xura `wet' 773)

Burushaski: *qhuró-

Comments and references : HGC 21, NSC 54 *-ɣwV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ŭGwV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to rain

Proto-Nakh: *daʁu

Proto-Tsezian: *ʁ:ʷǝdǝ

Proto-Lak: ʁaral

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔoq:ʷa-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The verbal root is preserved only in PL. Other languages reflect a deverbative noun *GwV-(r)dV / *r-ŭGwV.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *daʁu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rain

Chechen: doʁa

Ingush: doʁa

Comments: 3d class in Chech. and Ing. Note that the verbal present stem *-āʁ- ( > Chech. -ōʁu) "to come" has also the meaning "to rain, to snow"; thus the form *daʁu may have been deverbal in PN.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʁ:ʷǝdǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rain

Khvarshi: ʁʷada

Inkhokvari: ʁodo

Bezhta: wodo

Gunzib: wǝdǝ

Comments: PTsKh *ʁʷǝdǝ (in Inkh. also means 'sky'), PGB *wǝdǝ.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ʁaral

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rain

Lak form: ʁaral

Comments: 3d class. Cf. Khosr. ʁʷaral.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔoq:ʷa-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to rain 2 rain (n.)

Lezghian: q:ʷa-z 1

Tabasaran: u-r-ʁ-uz 1

Agul: uʁas 1

Rutul: huʁʷas 1

Tsakhur: g'-oʁa-s 1

Udi: aʁala 2

Comment: The words for 'rain' in most Lezgian languages are derived from this verb base (PL *ʔoq:ʷa-l(V) 'rain' > Lezg. q:ʷal, Ag. uʁal, Rut. huʁʷal, Ud. aʁala); a separate derivation from the same root is Tsakh. joʁʷi.

    See Талибов 1960а, 298; Лексика 1971, 185.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qhʷăH ( *r-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rain

Chinese: 雨 *whaʔ rain.

Tibetan: kha-ba snow, mkha heaven.

Burmese: rwa rain, LB *r-jua rain, cf. also *wax snow.

Kachin: ru¹ to pour, to fall in torrents, as rain.

Lushai: ruaʔ rain, KC *r²uaʔ

Lepcha: so rain (?)

Kiranti: *wǝ̀

Comments: BG: Garo mikka wa, Dimasa ha to rain, Bodo ha rain; Digaro kǝra rain; Bahing rya-wa. Sh. 39, 43, 138, 431; Ben. 109, 168. For Jnp. ru¹ see also notes under *g(h)ʷrǝ 'wash'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 雨

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǔ yù

Preclassic Old Chinese: whaʔ whaʔs

Classic Old Chinese: whá

Western Han Chinese: whá

Eastern Han Chinese: whá

Early Postclassic Chinese: whó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: whó

Late Postclassic Chinese: whó

Middle Chinese: ɦǘ ɦǜ

Fanqie: 余乳 [a] 余遽 [b]

Rhyme class: 麌 [a] 遇 [b]

English meaning : precipitation, rain

Russian meaning[s]: дождь; под дождем; [yù] идти, лить, поливать (о дожде)

Shuowen gloss: 水從雲下也. 一象天門象雲水霝其間也. 凡雨之屬皆從雨.

Comments: Also read *whaʔ-s, MC ɦǜ (FQ 王遇) 'to rain upon, fall'. For *wh- cf. Xiamen hɔ⁶, Chaozhou hou⁴, Jianou xü⁶.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 173

Four-angle index: 3932

Karlgren code: 0100 a-e

Jianchuan Bai: vu1-

Dali Bai: vu1-

Bijiang Bai: -u2

Shijing occurrences: 28.1_, 35.1_, 41.1, 41.2, 50.3, 51.2_

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 671

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 雨

MC description : 遇合三上噳云

ZIHUI: 7183 1012

Beijing: y 2

Jinan: y 2

Xi'an: y 2

Taiyuan: y 2

Hankou: y 2

Chengdu: y 2

Yangzhou: y 2

Suzhou: y 32

Wenzhou: ɦu 22

Changsha: y 2

Shuangfeng: y 2

Nanchang: y 2

Meixian: ji 2

Guangzhou: jy 22

Xiamen: u 2

Chaozhou: hou 22

Fuzhou: y 2

Shanghai: y 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: iu 2

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *wǝ̀ ( ? / *r-wǝ̀)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: rain

Sunwar: rew (?)

Tulung: wō

Kaling: wö

Limbu: wā-hit (-hit is unclear)

Dumi: hu

Kulung: wa

Yamphu: wari

Comments: Toba 94 *wö. Cf. *wa 'water'?

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: wiʔl

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: rain

Comments: wiʔl tha it's raining, vide thamaʔ.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: hu

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: rain.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: wa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: rain

Nepali: pānī.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: wari

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: rain

Comments: wari lemma to rain.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *qhuró-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: cloud

Yasin: xoróŋ

Hunza: qhurónc̣

Nagar: qhurónc̣

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVWV

Meaning : stream, flow of water

Eurasiatic : *Huwa

Afroasiatic : *ḥVw- (? + Cush. *wVʕ-, Sem. *hwʕ / *hyʕ 'flow')

Sino-Caucasian : *=ŭGwV

Reference : МССНЯ 334, ОСНЯ 1, 256; ND 794, 2611.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *Huwa

Meaning: stream, flow of water

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *Heu-

Uralic: *uwa (?*uŋa)

Dravidian: *vār- 'flow'

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *iw- 'water'

Comments: Cf. *GurV.

References: МССНЯ 334, ОСНЯ 1, 256; ND 794 *ho[w]ʕa ~ *hoʕwa 'flow, stream' (Ural. + partially IE); 2611 *χawV 'to spurt, to rain' (IE + SH).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *awǝ-/e- <PIH *H->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: water (flowing)

Hittite: heu- c.'Regen' (Tischler 238ff); hur-nai-/-ija- (I), hur-nu- (I) 'besprengen, befeuchten', Pal. huwarninai 'besprengt' (Tischler 305-306)

Old Indian: avaṭá-, avatá- m. `a hole, vacuity in the ground', aváni- f. `stream, river, bed of a river'

Old Greek: án-au̯ro-s m. `Giessbach, Strom'

Baltic: *jū̂-r-ā̂ (1), -jā̂, -iā̃ f., -ia- (1) c.; *jaû-r-ā̂ (1) f.

Germanic: *au-r-a- m., *au-r-ag-a- adj.; *ū-r-a- n., *ū-r-ag-a- adj.

Latin: ūrīnārī `tauchen unter Wasser', ūrīnātor `Taucher'

Russ. meaning: вода (проточная)

References: WP I 268 f, Buck 37, 45.

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *jū̂-r-ā̂ (1), -jā̂, -iā̃ f., -ia- (1) c.; *jaû-r-ā̂ (1) f.

Meaning: sea

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: jū́ra, dial. pl. jū́rōs, jū́rēs, jū́riōs, jū́riai `Meer, See'; jáura, pl. -ōs `Moorgrund, Sumpfland'

Lettish: jũr̨a, jũre, jūris `Meer'

Old Prussian: iūrin `Meer' Ench. 67:11, 75:2, luriay [l. iuriay] V. 66 `id.'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *aura-z, *auraga-, *ūra-n, *ūraga-

Meaning: rain, fog, sea

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: ūr n. `Feuchtigkeit, feiner Regen'; NIsl aur, Far eyr-ur `Sumpf'

Norwegian: aur `Sumpf'; ur `Schneewetter'

Swedish: ur `Schneewetter'; dial. örja `Sumpf'

Old Danish: ur `Nebel'

Old English: ēar (ǟr), -es m. `sea, ocean', ūrig-feɵera `wet-feathered, with dewy plumage', ūrig-lāst `making a dewy track'

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1107

Proto: *uŋa

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: stream; to flow

German meaning: Strom; strömen

Finnish: vuo 'Strom, Strombett', vuota- 'lecken, Wasser durchlassen; rinnen, fließen'

Estonian: voo 'Strömung, Wellengang', vooda- (vooan) 'lecken (intr.); laufen, triefen'

Saam (Lapp): uwe, uvwe 'flumen placide manans, fluxus', uvwete-, uwete- 'aquam accipere, perfluere'; uvve -v- (N) 'flumen placide labens, fluvius'

Khanty (Ostyak): oɣ (V), ŏw (DN), ăw (O) 'Strom', oɣa- (V), ŏw- (DN), ăw- (O) 'strömen'

Mansi (Vogul): ow (TJ LU KU P) 'Strom', ow- (So.) 'strömen', åw, åu (N) 'Flut, Strom', åw- 'fließen'

Sammalahti's version: *uwa

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *vār-

Meaning : to flow; to strain

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *vār-

Proto-Telugu : *vār-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *vār-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *vār-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *vār-

Meaning : to flow

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : vār (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to flow, trickle, overflow

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to pour, cast (as metal in a mould); vārppu pouring, casting, that which is cast; vāri channel for draining off rain-water from roof, waterway, sluice

Malayalam : vāruka

Malayalam meaning : to run, flow down, be strained off (water)

Malayalam derivates : vārkka to pour, cast; vārcca issue, flux; vārppu fusion, casting metals, issue

Kannada : bār

Kannada meaning : to set free a liquid, pour out, purge

Tulu : barcelụ

Tulu meaning : (B-K) channel to empty surplus water, as from a field

Proto-Nilgiri : *vār-ĭ

Number in DED : 5356

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *vār-ĭ

Meaning : ditch

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : vāry "ditch around fields, acting as moat outside embarkment and fence"

Toda : pōry

Additional forms : Also Kota ? varb- (varby-) (tears) stand in eyes ready to fall

Number in DED : 5356

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *vār-

Meaning : to flow down as water from boiled rice, be drained off

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : vāru

Additional forms : Also [1] vārucu, [2] vārcu to pour or drain off, as water from boiled rice

Number in DED : 5356

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *vār-

Meaning : to filter

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Naiki : vār jav "water of boiled rice"

Parji : vār jāva "water in which rice has been boiled"

Salur Gadba : vārk- (vārt-) "to strain water from food, etc."

Poya Gadba : vārp- (vārt-) "to strain (water from boiled rice)"

Kondekor Gadba : vār- "to be filtered (like boiled rice)"

Additional forms : Also Parji vārp- (vārt-) to strain; Gadba_S3 vārp- (vārup-) to filter (like boiled rice, etc.)

Number in DED : 5356

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *vār-

Meaning : to pour; canal

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *vār-

Konda : vāra

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *vār-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *vār-u

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *vār-

Meaning : to pour

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Muria Gondi : var "irrigation channel"

Maria Gondi : vār-

Seoni Gondi : vāṭ- (?)

Adilabad Gondi : vāṭ-

Number in DED : 5356

Number in CVOTGD : 3225, 3219, 3177

Konda etymology :

Konda : vāra

Meaning: canal for irrigation (BB)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 5356

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *vār-

Meaning : to pour

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : vār- (-t-)

Number in DED : 5356

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *vār-u

Meaning : stream; flood

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : vāru (pl. vārka) "water-channel, stream, torrent"

Kuwi (Israel) : vāru "flood"

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_Isr varda pīyu torrential rain. Kui form taken from 5356

Number in DED : 5323

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'iv-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вода

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *if-: *if-ʁici-, *if-ini-

Proto-Itelmen: *'i'(j)

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *if-: *if-ʁici-, *if-ini-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вода: пить (воду) 1, смачивать полозья водой 2, промышлять на море 3, есть снег, пропитанный мочой 4, олень, любящий мочу 5

Chukchee: ikwicí-, ikwucí- 1, iwtɛ́t- 2, iwiní, iɣiní- 3, iw-lʔɛ́t- 4, iwlʔǝ-qór 5

Koryak: iwwici- 1, iwini- 3

Palan: iwhic̨i-, hivhic̨i- 1, iwini- 3

Alutor: iwʔici- 1, iwini- 3

Comments: Встречается только как элемент сложений.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *'i'(j)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вода

Itelmen: 'i', 'i'j**, ('ij-)

Itelmen meaning: вода

West Itelmen: 'i'in ['i'i*] 1, 'i'i-nvǝ-nk loc. 2, 'i'iń kna-sč dim. 3

West Itelmen meaning: aqua 1, subaqua heus 2, hydropsis 3

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): woda 1, znajdujący się wodzie, podwodny 2, wodna puchlina 3

South Itelmen: 'i'i ['i'i*]

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): aqua

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): woda

Number in Volodin 1976: 36, 37

Volodin-Zhukova reference: 349

Stebnitsky reference: 91

Comments: Володин, Жукова 349. В зап. камч. у Дыбовского основа оформлена суффиксом места наличия *-nŏm/ -nv-. В слове 'водянка' вторая часть - 'болезнь' и уменьшительный суффикс.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVw/y-

Meaning: rain, water

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḥʷay- 'rain (n.)' 1, 'water' 2

Egyptian: ḥw-t 'rain', ḥwy 'flood' Pyr

East Chadic: *hVw- 'rain' (v.)

Omotic: Sheko (h)ai, Dizi aai 'water'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 2700

Proto-Semitic: *ḥʷay-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'rain (n.)' 1, 'water' 2

Arabic: ḥayy-an 1

Amharic: wǝha 2

Argobba: ähʷa 2

Gurage: End ǝhä (LGur 36: <Cush)

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ḥw-t

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: der Regen (Pyr) EG III 49

Notes: ḥwy Pyr 'die Flut' EG III 48

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *hVw-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'weep' 1, 'rain' (v.) 2

Somrai: ʔwā 2 [JSib]

Tumak: hǝ̀w 1 [Cp]

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