Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *skuǝ̀ŋ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: pheasant

Russian meaning: фазан

Modern Korean: k:wǝŋ

Middle Korean: skuǝ̀ŋ

Comments: Nam 64, KED 225.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *si̯ŭ̀[k]i ( ~ *š-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of bird

Russian meaning: вид птицы

Turkic: *süglin

Korean: *skuǝ̀ŋ

Japanese: *sìnkî

Comments: Korean has a frequent loss of vowel between a fricative and a stop. The medial consonant is not quite clear: perhaps Turk. *süglen < *süklen with a secondary voicing.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *süglin

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: pheasant

Russian meaning: фазан

Karakhanid: süglin, süvlin (MK)

Turkish: sülün

Middle Turkic: sülgün, süglün (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: sülgün

Turkmen: sülgün

Khakassian: sülen 'heron'

Shor: šülen 'heron, stork' (?)

Karakalpak: süjlin (dial.)

Comments: VEWT 435, EDT 820-821, ЭСТЯ 7.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *sìnkî

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: woodcock, snipe

Russian meaning: вальдшнеп, бекас

Old Japanese: sigji

Middle Japanese: sìgi

Tokyo: shígi

Kyoto: shìgî

Comments: JLTT 523.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *[č`w]VHḳV

Meaning: a k. of bird

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *si̯ŭ̀[k]i ( ~ *š-)

Uralic: *śOkćV

Kartvelian: *čxiḳw-

Comments: Yupik *cǝɣuʁ-a- ~ *ǝcɣuʁ-a-. Expected *č- in Ur. (assimilation?)

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1624

Proto: *śOkćV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: grouse, black-cock

German meaning: Auerhahn; Tetrao urogallus

Saam (Lapp): čuk'ča -vč- (N) 'tetrao urogallus', tjuktjē (L), ču_iχč (Kld.)

Mordovian: suvoźej, suvoźeŋ, suźij (E), suvoźi, śuźi (M)

Mari (Cheremis): suzǝ̑ (KB), suzo, šuźo (U B), subuzo (Troick.; = *suwuzo), šuźŭ (M)

Komi (Zyrian): ćukći (Peč. I)

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *čxiḳw-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: сойка

English meaning: jaybird

Georgian: čxiḳv-

Megrel: čxviḳ-

Laz: čxviḳ-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 222, EWK 443.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVKV

Meaning : bird

Eurasiatic : *[č`w]VHḳV

Afroasiatic : *ǯigal- (?); cf. also *cagaḥ-

Sino-Caucasian : *ǯăq̇wV

Amerind (misc.) : *c̣ik 'bird' (R 57) [+ A]

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯigʷal-/*gawzal-

Meaning: ḳ. of bird

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *gawzal- 'brood'

Western Chadic: *ǯigʷal- 'griffon-vulture'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ǯigal- 'bird'

Notes: Scarce data.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 2383

Proto-Semitic: *gawzal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: brood

Hebrew: gōzāl 'turtledove; young eagle' [KB 182], pB. 'brood, chick, esp. pigeon' [Ja. 220]. // The meaing 'young pigeon', prominent in post-Biblical Hebrew, is clear in Gn 15.9 where g. (together with tōr 'turtle-dove') is mentioned as a sacrificial animal. The meaning 'young eagle' is attested in Dt 32.11: kǝnäšär yāʕīr ḳinnō // ʕal-gōzālāw yǝraḥēp 'like an eagle watching his nest // hovering over his youngs').

Judaic Aramaic: gōzālā 'brood, chick, esp. pigeon' [Ja. 220], gōzāl 'young bird' [ibid. 122], [Levy WTM I 318].

Syrian Aramaic: zūgallā 'pullus columbinus' [Brock. 188], [PS 1081] (metathesis).

Arabic: ǯawzal- 'petit (de pigeon, ou d'un autre oiseau de l'espèce)' [BK 1 290], [LA XI 110].

Notes: Note Amh. gǝz(z)al 'bird of prey which breaks open the long bones for their marrow by // dropping them on rocks from a height' [K 2029]. // [DRS 107], [KB 182], [Firmage 1154]: Hbr., Arm., Arb.

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ǯigʷal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'griffon-vulture'

Hausa: ǯígàl

Notes: cp. Paa ǯágwùr 'hawk' [MS] ? < ǯVgVl-Vr

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *ǯigal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bird'

Bilin: ǯaɣalā́ [R Bil], ǯäḫala [Appl IC]

Khamir: zilk (pl.)

Khamta: zilaa

Qwara: ǯäkel (pl.)

Dembea: ǯeelaa

Qemant: ǯeelaa

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ǯăq̇wV

Meaning: small bird

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ǯăq̇wV

Sino-Tibetan: *ćĕkʷ

Yenisseian: *čukola ?

Comments and references : HGC 28.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ǯăq̇wV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of small bird

Proto-Nakh: *ǯaq̇

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *č̣iq̇ʷa(ra)

Proto-Tsezian: *č̣eq

Proto-Lezghian: *č:aq̇ʷ(a)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. There are certain phonetic irregularities (assimilation *ǯ- > *č̣- in PA and PC, with following dissimilation *č̣eq̇ > č̣eq in Gunz., absence of velarisation *q̇ʷ > ḳ in PA) which must be explained by the expressive nature of the root.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ǯaq̇

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of small bird

Chechen: maž-žaq̇

Comments: The 1st component of Chech. mažžaq̇ "жулан" is maž- 'yellow' q.v. The word is isolated in Nakh, but has good external parallels.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *č̣iq̇ʷa(ra)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 quail 2 sparrow 3 bird

Avar: žužuḳ (RAS) 2

Andian language: č̣aq̇ʷara 1

Akhvakh: č̣ĩq̇a 2,3

Karata: č̣ʷaʔara 1

Comments: The Av. word is attested in the Russian-Avar dictionary; it is reduplicated, but otherwise phonologically regular. In Proto-Andian an assimilation (*ž- > č̣-) had occurred; note also the irregular preservation of labialised q̇ʷ (which should have passed into -ḳ- like in Av.), and the irregular nasalisation in Akhv. All these features must be explained by the expressive character of the root.oot.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *č̣eq

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bird

Gunzib: č̣eq

Comments: Isolated within Tsezian, but with good external parallels.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *č:aq̇ʷ(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bird, small bird

Tabasaran: žaq̇ʷ

Agul: žaq̇ʷ

Comment: Oblique base vowel and class unknown. Cf. also forms: Tab. Kand. ǯaq̇ʷ, Düb. ǯaq̇a, Ag. Bursh. ǯaq̇ʷ.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ćĕkʷ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sparrow, small bird

Chinese: 雀 *ćekʷ sparrow.

Burmese: ? ćhak-rak 'starling'

Kiranti: *cík

Comments: Cf. also Trung pɨ-ćiʔ, Anong ćha 'bird', Miji bu-zu, Kaike hyu-ʒu, Sichuan *ʒ́V 'bird'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 雀

Modern (Beijing) reading: què

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćekʷ

Classic Old Chinese: ceuk

Western Han Chinese: cjauk

Eastern Han Chinese: cjauk

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjauk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjak

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjak

Middle Chinese: cjak

English meaning : sparrow

Russian meaning[s]: воробей (Passer montanus); пташка

Comments: For OC *c- and -a- can also be reconstructed (there are no rhymes and hsieh-sheng connections for the word) - but the reconstruction *ćekʷ seems preferable because the word is written as 爵 (*ćekʷ) in Late Chou. Initial q- in Mandarin is unclear. The regular Sino-Viet. reflex is tu'ó'c; chóc is used in the compound chim chóc 'birds' (note that 雀 is also used as a general name for all small birds in Early Chinese).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 172

Four-angle index: 950

Karlgren code: 1122 a-b

Vietnamese reading: chóc

Jianchuan Bai: co6

Dali Bai: co6

Bijiang Bai: co6

Shijing occurrences: 17.2

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *cík ( ~ ʔc-)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: bird

Sunwar: 'cīkbi

Tulung: cǝkpu

Kulung: cou (Toba)

Comments: Toba 87 *calpu (erroneously adding Kal. sa_lpu).

Yenisseian etymology :

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