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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *=ĭŁ_V
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to give
Proto-Nakh: *=aʎ-
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iƛ̣:-
Proto-Tsezian: *-ɨƛ- A
Proto-Lak: 450
Proto-Dargwa: *=(i)k:-/*lVk:-
Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiƛ:ɨ-
Proto-Khinalug: =ḳ-ʷi
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The verb usually is used with class prefixes; however, a prefixless stem *ʔĭŁ_V- can also be reconstructed (reflected, with loss of the first syllable, in the PN imperative stem *lo, Av. stem II ƛ̣:e-, PD stem *k:V-). The Ablaut stem *-uŁ_V is reflected in PL *ʔoƛ:ɨ-, Lak. =u=lu- and in some Darg. forms (if we reconstruct here *ū, PTs *-ɨƛ- may also reflect this stem - vs. *-iƛ- < *-ĭŁV). Finally, PN *t-ēʎ- reflects another durative Ablaut stem (without secure parallels in other EC languages).

    Cf. also Hurr., Urart. ar- 'to give' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 51).

    See Trubetzkoy 1922, 242.

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *=aʎ-
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: give
Chechen: =al-
Ingush: =al-
Batsbi: =aʎ-
Comments: Pres./fut. *lo (Chech., Bacb. lo, Ing. lu). Cf. also the Ablaut stem (with a preverb) *t-ēʎ- in Chech. tēl- 'to pay', Bacb. teʎ- 'to give'.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *=iƛ̣:-
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 give 2 distribute, give out
Avar: ƛ̣:e- 1
Chadakolob: ƛ̣e- 1
Tindi: =iƛ̣:-ij- 2
Comments: Cf. also Av. (with Ablaut) =iƛ̣:- 'distribute, share'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,

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Tsezian etymology :

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Proto-Tsezian: *-ɨƛ- A
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: give
Tsezi: neƛ-,teƛ-
Ginukh: neƛ-,toƛ-
Khvarshi: tiƛ-
Inkhokvari: tɨƛ-,iƛ-,cɨƛ-
Bezhta: niƛ-
Gunzib: nɨƛ-
Comments: PTsKh *-ɨƛ- (with preverbs: *n-,*t-,*c-, but also without them in the Ablaut form *ʔiƛ-; forms with *n- mean 'to give (to the 1st p.)', forms with *t- - 'to give (to the 3d p.)'); PGB *n-ɨƛ-.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,

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Lak etymology :

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Lak root: =ulu-
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: give
Lak form: =ulu-n
Comments: G.pr. =ullu-nu. Cf. Khosr. =ulu-n, aor. =ul-dun-di.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *=(i)k:-/*lVk:-
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: give
Akusha: g- /lug-
Chiragh: =i(lej)k:-
Comments: Cf. also Ur. ɣ-/luɣ- 'give'.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiƛ:ɨ-
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: give
Lezghian: gu-
Tabasaran: t-uw-
Agul: i-
Rutul: wɨ-
Tsakhur: hi=le-
Kryz: wu-
Budukh: jɨ=vǝ- (term.)
Archi: ƛo-
Comment: Most forms reflect the basic PL form *ʔiƛ:ɨ-; note, however, the reflex of an Ablaut grade *ʔoƛ:a- in Arch. oƛa-s 'sell' and possibly Tab. Düb. d-uvu-s (= Tab. lit. tuvu-z), dur. d-u-l-ɣu-n- 'give'.

    See Гигинейшвили 1977, 86.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,

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Khinalug etymology :

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Khinalug root: =ḳ-ʷi
North Caucasian etymology: 45
Meaning: give
Khinalug form: lä-ḳʷi
Comments: lä- is a widespread Khin. preverb (denoting movment away from the speaker). Cf. also tä-ḳ-ʷi id.
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,khinet-comment,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ĭŁ_V
Meaning: to give
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
North Caucasian: *=ĭŁ_V
Sino-Tibetan: *lăH
Comments and references : HGC 19.
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lăH
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: take, give
Chinese: *laʔ give (cf. also 詒 *Łǝ 'bequeathe, give')
Kachin: la3 take, accept; cf. also ja1 to give; to return, as a borrowed article.
Lushai: la (lāk) to take, KC *la.
Kiranti: *lǝ̀(s)
Comments: Bodo lá; Banpara la; Newari lā-; Magari lā; Tujia lie.3. Sh. 162, 434.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,

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Chinese characters :

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Character:
Modern (Beijing) reading: yú
Preclassic Old Chinese: Ła
Classic Old Chinese: Ła
Western Han Chinese: la
Eastern Han Chinese: źa
Early Postclassic Chinese: źo
Middle Postclassic Chinese: jo
Late Postclassic Chinese: jo
Middle Chinese:
English meaning : I, we
Russian meaning[s]: давать, жаловать, предоставлять, вм. 與; [yú] я, вм.
Comments: Also written as 余; used as well for OC *laʔ, MC jö́ (FQ 余呂) 'to present, give' ( = 與 q.v.).
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology
Radical: 6
Four-angle index: 3021
Karlgren code: 0083 a-b
Go-on: yo
Kan-on: yo
Japanese reading: yo+
Shijing occurrences: 35.5, 53.2_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-shijing,

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Kiranti etymology :

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Proto-Kiranti: *lǝ̀ / *lǝǹ
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology
Meaning: take off, take out
Kaling: 'lännä ('läjŋɔ) go out, come out
Dumi: lǝnnɨ
Kulung: lǝima 'go out'
Yamphu: la:ma
Comments: There may be some confusion with *làt q.v.
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-kal,kiret-dum,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,

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Dumi dictionary :

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Entry: lǝnnɨ
Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology
Grammar: vt-4 lǝnd/lǝn-lǝnts/lǝs-lǝt
Meaning: bring out, take out, remove
Nepali: nikālnu
Derivation: [dir. < lǝnnɨ vi-5 'come out, emerge']
Comments: cf. latnɨ vt-2a.
dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-nepali,dumet-dercomm,dumet-comments,

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Kulung dictionary :

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Entry: lǝima
Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology
Grammar: vi-6 [1: lǝt- 2: lǝi- 3: lǝtt- 4: lǝn- 5: lǝ:-]
Meaning: descend, go out, fall down, emerge, appear
Nepali: jharnu, niskanu, orlanu
Comments: ɔ:-mikwa lǝtt-e 'I am crying.'
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,kulet-comments,

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Yamphu dictionary :

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Entry: la:ma
Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology
Stem: <la:s- ; la:->
Grammar: v.tr.
Meaning: to take, to take possession of.
Nepali: linu
yamet-prnum,yamet-stem,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-nepali,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : HVLV
Meaning : to receive (+ bestow)
Eurasiatic : *HVlV
Afroasiatic : Sem. *χVl-; Cush. *hel- 'get, obtain'
Sino-Caucasian : *=ĭŁ_V
African (misc.) : Cf. Macro-Khoisan *ƛV (?) "to give".
Reference : ND 1858.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-afr,globet-reference,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *HVlV
Meaning: to take, receive
Borean: Borean
Altaic: *ắla
Uralic: *älV-
Dravidian: *ēl_- (or SD *aḷ- 'handful')
References: ND 1858 *q[a]ḷi 'to extend one's hand, seize' (w/o Ur.). Cf. also 1860 *qäl̄V 'hand' (Kartv. *qel- + Chad.).
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *ắla
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: take, receive
Russian meaning: брать, получать
Turkic: *ạl-
Mongolian: *ali-
Tungus-Manchu: *al(i)-
Japanese: *á-
Comments: KW 6, EAS 140, Poppe 75, Doerfer MT 239 (attempts to disprove the etymology in TMN 2, 122 are futile). The reason for close *ạ in PT is unclear (*al- would be normally expected). Note, however, that the Jpn. reflex represents loss of *-l- in a verbal stem, thus strongly suggesting an original monosyllabic form *ál (cf. *gĕ̀le, {*si̯óle}).
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *ạl-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: to take
Russian meaning: брать
Old Turkic: al- (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: al- (MK, KB)
Turkish: al-
Tatar: al-
Middle Turkic: al- (Pav. C.)
Uzbek: ɔl-
Uighur: al-
Sary-Yughur: al-
Azerbaidzhan: al-
Turkmen: al-
Khakassian: al-
Shor: al-
Oyrat: al-
Halaj: al-
Chuvash: il-
Yakut: ɨl-
Dolgan: ɨl-
Tuva: al-
Tofalar: al-
Kirghiz: al-
Kazakh: al-
Noghai: al-
Bashkir: al-
Balkar: al-
Gagauz: al-
Karaim: al-
Karakalpak: al-
Salar: al-
Kumyk: al-
Comments: EDT 124-125, VEWT 14-15, ЭСТЯ 1, 127-128, Егоров 68, Лексика 336, 337, Stachowski 259.
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,

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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *ali-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: 1 to take, receive 2 give!
Russian meaning: 1 брать, получать 2 дай!
Written Mongolian: ali 2 (L 31)
Khalkha: aĺ, aliv 2
Buriat: aĺē 2
Kalmuck: aĺ, aĺǝ 2
Ordos: ali 2
Dongxian: ali
Baoan: an
Dagur: ali- 1 (Тод. Даг. 120)
Monguor: ali 2
Comments: KW 6, MGCD 103. Dagur is the only language reflecting the complete verbal paradigm of *ali-; it may well be that Dag. ali- is in fact a TM loanword.
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-mgr,monget-reference,

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Tungus etymology :

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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *al(i)-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: 1 take, receive 2 give, hand over
Russian meaning: 1 брать, получать 2 давать, передавать
Evenki: al- 1
Even: al- 1
Negidal: al- 1
Spoken Manchu: iali- (1404)
Literary Manchu: ali- 1
Jurchen: ali- (242) 2
Ulcha: alụ̄- 2
Orok: alị- 1
Nanai: alị- 1
Oroch: alō- 2
Udighe: ali- 1, alu- 2
Solon: ali- 1
Comments: ТМС 1, 26-27.
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-chu,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,

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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *á-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: to get, receive
Russian meaning: получать
Old Japanese: u (stem a-)
Middle Japanese: (stem a-)
Tokyo: é-
Kyoto: é-
Kagoshima: é-
Comments: JLTT 681. The Tokyo accent is irregular.
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,

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Uralic etymology :

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Number: 41
Proto: *älV-
> Nostratic: > Nostratic
English meaning: to lift, carry
German meaning: heben, tragen
Khanty (Ostyak): äl- (V) 'tragen', ȧl- (O) 'id., in der Hand, auf den Händen', älǝm- (V), ȧtǝm- (DN), ȧlǝm- (O) 'heben'
Mansi (Vogul): älm- (TJ), ɔ̄̈lm- (KU), ālm- (P So.) 'heben, tragen', ālėnt- (N) 'tragen'
Hungarian: emel- 'heben' (?)
Nenets (Yurak): jilā-
Enets (Yen): iðá- (Ch.), jirá- (B) 'aufheben'
Nganasan (Tawgi): jiĺiʔe-
Selkup: ila- (OM) 'wiegen, aufheben', ilèśpa- (N) 'wiegen'
Kamass: ʒ́ilde- 'in die Höhe heben'
References: FUV; MSzFgrE; TESz; EtSz; Bár.SzófSz; Paas.Beitr. 38
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,uralet-nen,uralet-enc,uralet-nga,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-lit,

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *ēl_-
Meaning : 1 to receive 2 to bestow
Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Proto-South Dravidian: *ēl_-
Proto-Telugu : *ēl_-
Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *ē-
Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ēl_-
Brahui : (h)ēling
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-bra,

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South Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-South Dravidian : *ēl_-
Meaning : to happen; to accept
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Tamil : ēl (ēr_p-, ēr_r_-; ēlv-, ēn_r_-)
Tamil meaning : to happen, occur, be suitable, convenient, just; to receive, welcome, admit, consent, beg, undertake, engage in
Tamil derivates : ēl suitability, appropriateness, fitness; ēr_pu id., acceptance, reception; ēr_pōn_ beggar; ēr_r_atu that which is fit, proper; (Asher-Radhakrishnan) ēr_r_am acceptance; ēr_paṭu to come into existence, be produced, be engaged in, agree, consent; ēr_paṭuttu to create, establish, persuade, prepare, arrange, appoint; ēr_pāṭu arrangement, rule, appointment to an office
Malayalam : ēl
Malayalam meaning : possibility, reach; preparation, responsibility
Malayalam derivates : ēluka to suit, fit; ēlkka to receive, take in charge, admit, confess; ēlpeṭuka to engage in, be responsible for; vb. n. ēlpāṭu; ēlpeṭukka, ēlpeṭuttuka, ēlpikka to entrust with; ēr_r_a admitted, agreed, undertaken
Kannada : ēr_
Kannada meaning : to become, be fit, be suitable, be possible, be able; n. state of being fit, etc.
Kannada derivates : ērpaḍu to be arranged, be ready to act; ērpaḍisu to arrange, set in order; ērpāḍu, ērpāṭu decision, arrangement
Tulu : ēpuni
Tulu meaning : to catch (as a ball), take, lift, or toss up a child in the arms
Proto-Nilgiri : *ēl-
Number in DED : 0905
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,

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Nilgiri etymology :

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Proto-Nilgiri : *ēl-
Meaning : to get, receive
South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology
Kota : ēl- (ēt_-) "to catch in something held up"
Toda : ēf- (ēt-) "to receive, take"
Additional forms : Also Kota ērpāṛ- (obl. ērpāṭ-) preparation, selection of a man to do something; ērpaṛt- (ērpaṛty-) to prepare (thing or to do something), appoint (a person)
Notes : Kota ērpāṛ-, etc. < Tamil.
Number in DED : 905
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-addition,ktet-notes,ktet-dednum,

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Telugu etymology :

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Proto-Telugu : *ēl_-
Meaning : to accept, admit, take
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Telugu : ēlu
Additional forms : Also elayu to arise, be produced, increase, (K. also) be suitable, become favourable; elarāru to increase; elaru increase; elarucu to arise, be produced or manifested; ērcu to set in order; ērpaḍu to be arranged, established, determined, appointed; [1] ērpar_acu, [2] ērparincu to arrange, settle, establish; ērpāṭu arrangement, system, settlement, decision, appointment
Number in DED : 905
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,

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Kolami-Gadba etymology :

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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *ē-
Meaning : to take; to receive
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Naiki : ēk- "to take, lift"
Parji : ēp- (ēt-) "to get"
Kondekor Gadba : ēp- "to receive, take"
Number in DED : 905
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-parji,kogaet-s_3,kogaet-dednum,

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Gondwan etymology :

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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ēl_-
Meaning : to receive; to increase
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Proto-Gondi : *ēn-
Konda : els- (-t-)
Proto-Pengo-Manda : *en-
Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ēṇ-
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kon,gndet-pem,gndet-kui,

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Gondi etymology :

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Proto-Gondi : *ēn-
Meaning : to receive
Betul Gondi : ētānā "to take, accept, receive"
Koya Gondi : ēn- "(Su.) to receive, hold both the palms together in the shape of receptacle"
Maria Gondi (Lind) : erpānā "to spread"
Additional forms : Other Gondi dialects have ēt- as well.
Notes : The form ēt- goes back to *ēn-t-; however, Gondi_L erpānā is probably not related.
Number in DED : 905
Number in CVOTGD : 380, 351
gonet-meaning,gonet-gondi_tr,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-gondi_l,gonet-addition,gonet-notes,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,

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Konda etymology :

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Konda : els- (-t-)
Meaning: to become large, (family) to increase in size
Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology
Number in DED : 905
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,

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Pengo-Manda etymology :

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Proto-Pengo-Manda : *en-
Meaning : to beg
Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology
Pengo : ēn- (-t-), en- (-t-)
Manda : en- (-t-)
Notes : Facultative vowel length in Pengo can probably point to a different reconstruction (especially since inlaut *-n- goes back to a cluster because of the causative type of conjugation), but the variant with *e- should at least be present in PPM as facultative.
Number in DED : 905
pemet-meaning,pemet-prnum,pemet-pengo,pemet-manda,pemet-notes,pemet-dednum,

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Kui-Kuwi etymology :

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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ēṇ-
Meaning : to accept, receive
Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology
Kui : ēṇba (ēṭ-) "to put forth the hand to receive, accept, accept the word of, obey"
Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : erhali "to hold out the hand"
Kuwi (Schulze) : ē'nai "to accept"
Tekriya Kuwi : ēṛ- "to hold out the hand"
Kuwi (Israel) : ēṇ- "to cup the hand, make cloth, etc., into a container for receiving something"
Additional forms : Also Kuwi_S ēnh'nai to receive
Notes : Forms with -h- in Kuwi_S are probably "restored" from the past tense forms.
Number in DED : 905
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-kuwi_f,kuiet-kuwi_s,kuiet-kuwi_t,kuiet-kuwi_isr,kuiet-addition,kuiet-notes,kuiet-dednum,

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Brahui etymology :

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Brahui : (h)ēling
Meaning : to spread out (carpet, clothes to dry, tablecloth)
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Number in DED : 905
braet-meaning,braet-prnum,braet-dednum,

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