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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *heIn- / *heIl-
Meaning: to bite
Tsezi: ħan-
Ginukh: hil-
Khvarshi: ħa:n-
Comments: PTsKh *heIn- / *heIl- (with expressive vowel length in Khvarsh.).
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=iʡwVl
Meaning: to feed on, to eat; to bite
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *q-aħ-
Meaning: to bite
Batsbi: q-aħ-ar
Comments: Attested only in Bacb. (with the preverb q-), but having probable external parallels. With another preverb, *l-, cf. Bacb. laħ-ar 'to eat (together with smth.)' (term.), leħ-ar id. (dur.).
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *r-VHVn-
Meaning: 1 to feed on (smth.) 2 fat
Avar: rehn- 1
Chadakolob: reh 2
Comments: The Chad. form is a verbal derivate (with loss of *-Vn); cf. also Av. lit. rehén 'nutritiousness', rehen bugeb 'nutritious, nourishing'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiʔʷäl-
Meaning: 1 to eat 2 to get hungry
Lezghian: ṭü-n (masd.) 1
Tabasaran: iṗ- 1
Agul: ʕüṭ- 1
Rutul: =ile- 1
Kryz: ʕül- 1
Budukh: s-oʡul- 1
Archi: lah-bos 2
Comment: Complicated reflexes in modern languages are due to combinations of class infixes with the Inlaut laryngeal: cf. Tab. iṗu-b (*ʔi-b-ʔ-) / iṭu-b (*ʔi-d-ʔ-); Lezg. praet. ṭü-na (*ʔi-d-ʔu-na) as opposed to the infinitive ne-z (*ʔin-Vs: < *ʔiʔ(ʷ)l-Vs:). The root-final *-l- is well preserved in Rut., Kryz., Bud.; cf. also Ag. Bursh. ʕüṭal-as. On the other hand, the Rut. terminative form li-ʔi-r and the Arch. lah- reflect the metathesized variant *liʔʷä-.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=íʡwVl-
Meaning: to eat
Comments and references : WFR 106, BCD 31.
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *q(h)ʷiǝ̆r
Meaning: present of food; appetite
Tibetan: skor food presented to Lamas.
Lushai: vir to have an intense longing for animal food.
Comments: Cf. perhaps also Mikir kor 'bite' ( < *k-wVr); for semantics cf. Kiranti.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 餫
Modern (Beijing) reading: yùn
Preclassic Old Chinese: w(h)ǝrs
Classic Old Chinese: w(h)ǝnh
Western Han Chinese: w(h)ǝnh
Eastern Han Chinese: w(h)ǝnh
Early Postclassic Chinese: w(h)ɨ̀n
Middle Postclassic Chinese: w(h)ɨ̀n
Late Postclassic Chinese: w(h)ɨ̀n
Middle Chinese: ɦǜn
English meaning : bring supply of food to
Radical: 0
Four-angle index: 0
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *wǝ̀r
Meaning: chew
Tulung: jor- (AS wer-) toss into mouth
Kaling: wörnä (wöru) chew (pop-corn)
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: haʔmaʔ, -haʔr-/-haʔ-
Grammar: vt.
Meaning: 1) bite; 2) afflict, viz. diseases caused by displeased or malevolent supernatural entities
Derivation: [< ha tooth] [?]
Comments: 2) co:ʔco:ʔ mɛmmɛpmɛlle samle ahaʔ If you don't observe the practice of co:ʔco:ʔ, disincarnate spirits will afflict you; cf. sisam, so:gha, sugup. limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,limet-dercomm,limet-comments,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔir- ( ~ x-)
Meaning: to eat
Ket: iĺeŋ5
Yug: iriŋ5
Kottish: herajaŋ 'feeding, food', herai, harai 'bread, food'; Ass. (Бол.) raj 'food', (М, Сл, Срсл) rajalí, grajalí 'eat'
Comments: ССЕ 194. Werner 1, 360 <*iʎ-> (without comparing the Kott. form). Note that this example allows to update the rule formulated in КС 148: *r yields Yug -r- not only in the vicinity of *u, but also in the vicinity of *i.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *[h]el- / *-hali / *aɫha
Meaning: 1 to bite 2 to be sore, inflamed 3 meal(time) 4 grazing, pasture
Bizkaian: el-du 2, -ari 3
Gipuzkoan: el-du 1, ala 4, -ari 3
High Navarrese: -ari 3, (Oyarzun) ala 4
Low Navarrese: -(h)ari 3, alha 4
Salazarese: -ari 3
Lapurdian: -(h)ari 3, alha 4
Zuberoan: -(h)ari 3, álha 4
Roncalese: -ari 3, ala 4
Comments: Bsq *[h]el- / *-hali / *aɫha seem to be permutations of the same original root (cf. PEC *=iʡwVl 'to feed on, eat, bite'). Bsq *-hali 'meal(time)' occurs only in compounds: (B-arc) gosaari ‘breakfast’ (< *gośa-hali: see *gośe ‘hunger, hungry’); (Z-arc) barazkari ‘midday meal, lunch’, (c) bazkari id. (cf. *barace ‘garden’); (BN) auhari ‘dinner (supper)’, (Z) aihá(r)i, (R) aigári, (B, G, BN, L) afari, (L) aphari, (B, G) apari, (Sal) abari, etc. (cf. *gau ‘night’?), etc.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVLV
Meaning : food, eat
Reference : ND 34 compares Nostr. with PSH *ʔaly- 'fleshy part of thigh, fat tail'; this is rather improbable (cf. rather Mong. *ala 'inner side of thigh' under "Alt. "*àlak`u) - but cf. ibid. some scattered Cush. forms meaning 'fat, oil'. In SC cf. alternatively *χwɨ̆lʡí 'fat, oil'. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *HVlV
Meaning: food
References: МССНЯ 354, ОСНЯ 1, 259-260; ND 34 *[ʔ]aĺa 'food'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *al-
Meaning: to raise, to feed
Old Indian: íḍā, íḍ- f. `refreshing draught, refreshment, libation'; r̥dhnoti, r̥ṇaddhi, r̥dhati, r̥dhyati `to grow, increase, prosper, succeeed'; árdhuka- `prospering'
Avestan: arǝdat_ `er lasse gedeihen', ǝrǝdāt- `Gedeihen schaffend'
Old Greek: án-alto- `unersättlich', neālḗ-s `munter, stark' < *new(o)-al-; aldáinō, áldomai̯, aor. ǟ́ldane `wachsen lassen, stärken', aldḗskō `wachsen'; althái̯nō, álthō `heilen', álthomai̯ `heil werden'
Latin: alō, -ere, -uī, -tum (/ -itum) `(er)nähren, aufziehen, pflegen', alimentum `Nährungsmittel'; altus, -a `hoch, tief'; abebris, -e `nährend, nahrhaft'; alēscere `heranwachsen, gedeihen'; almus, -a `nährend, segenspendend, hold, hehr' adolēscō, adultum, -ere `heranwachsen'; indolēs, -is f. `die angeborene Beschaffenheit, Anlage, Begabung', subolēs `Nachkommenschaft, Spross', prōlēs, -is f. `Sprössling, Nachkomme, Nachwuchs'
Other Italic: Osk altinúm `alimentorum'
Celtic: OIr alim `nähre'; MIr alt `Höhe; Ufer, Küste'; Cymr allt `Seite eines Hügels, bewaldeter Felsen', OCorn als, Bret aot, aod `Küste'; OIr altram `Nahrung', altru `Pflegevater'
Russ. meaning: растить, кормить
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-greek,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-ital,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *alan- vb., *aldí-z, *aldṓ, *aldá-, *aldrá-z, comp. *álɵiza-, *alidja-n, *aldian- vb. etc.
Meaning: grow, breed; old
Gothic: *alan st. `grow'; *ald-s f. (i) `generation, age'; CrimGot alt adj. `senex'; *aldōmō m. ~ n. (n) `old age'; alɵī-s (ja) `old'; ptc. *us-alɵan-s `sinile', *fram-aldr-s (a) `aged'
Old Norse: ala st. `hervorbringen, zeugen, züchten, nähren'; ɔld f. `Lebenzzeit, Zeitalter', pl. `Menschen'; aldr, gen. aldr-s m. `Alter, Leben, Zeit', ptc. aldin-n `gealtert'; aldin n., aldin-n m. `Baumfrucht'; eldi n. `Nährung, Kind'; comp. ellri; elda wk. `alt machen'
Norwegian: ala vb.; dial. old sbs.; alder sbs.; comp. eldre; elde `Züchtung, Brut'; elda vb.
Old Swedish: ala vb.; alda `fruchttragende Eiche'; aldin, aldon, aallan `Eichel'
Swedish: comp. äldre; ɔlder sbs.; ɔllon `Eichel'
Old Danish: alä vb.; olden `Frucht der Buche oder der Eiche'; comp. äldre; älde-s vb.
Danish: old sbs.; older sbs.
Old English: alan (ōl, ōlon; alen) `to nourish, grow, produce; to appesr', ild, -e f. `age, period of time; age, time of life, years; mature or old age, eld', pl. `age, old people, chief people', ealdor (aldor), -es n. `life; age'; { eald }; { ieldan }
English: eld, old
Old Saxon: ald; pl. eldi `Menschen'; aldar `Greisen-, Lebensalter'
Middle Dutch: out
Dutch: oud
Middle Low German: ōlt; elden `warten, zögern'
Old High German: alt (8.Jh.); altar `Greisenalter, Lebensalter'; elten `alt werden, verzögern'
Middle High German: alt 'alt (im gegensatz von jung)'
German: alt
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oswed,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 54
Root: al-2
English meaning: to grow; to bear
German meaning: `wachsen; wachsen machen, nähren'
Material: Ai. an-ala- `Feuer' (`das Unersättliche', W. Schulze KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216); gr. νεᾱλής `munter, stark' (νέος + al-; über φυταλιή s. unten);
lat. alō, -ere, -ul, -itum `nähren, großziehen'; alēscere `heranwachsen, gedeihen', coalēscere `zusammenwachsen', adolēscere `heranwachsen' (adultus `erwachsen'), abolēscere `vergehen' (dazu scheint aboleō, -ēre `vernichten, vertilgen' als Transitivum neugebildet zu sein, z. T. nach (ad)augēscō : (ad)augeō, besonders aber nach dem bedeutungsgleichen dēlēvī, dēleō; der Anklang an ὄλλυμι, ἀπόλλυμι ware dann trügerisch; anders WH. I 4), indolēs `natürliche Anlage', subolēs `Nachwuchs, Nachkommenschaft, Sproß', prōles (*pro-olēs) `Sprößling, Nachkomme' (davon prōlētārius; diese drei mit o aus a vor dunklem l, nicht mit idg. o-Ablaut, wie Hirt Abl. 162 annimmt); alimentum `Nahrung', alimōnia, -ium `Nahrung, Unterhalt';
air. alim `nähre'; hierher wohl auch cymr. alu, mbret. halaff, nbret. ala `gebären', cymr. al f. `Wurf, Nachkommenschaft, Volk', alaf m. `Reichtum' = air. alam f. `Herde', davon almae ds.;
got. ags. alan (ōl) `aufwachsen' (intr. wie lat. adoleō), aisl. ala (ōl) `nähren, hervorbringen', got. aliþs `gemästet' (Partiz. eines Kaus. *aljan = norw. dial. elja); aisl. elskr `von Liebe beseelt', elska `lieben' (s. zur Bed.-Entw. Falk-Torp u. elske).
Mit t-Formantien:
Gr. ἄν-αλτος `unersättlich'; ῎Αλτις, ἄλσος (*αλτι̯-ος) n. `heiliger Hain', lat. altus `hoch' (d. i. `großgewachsen'), mir. alt `Höhe; Ufer, Küste', cymr. allt `Seite eines Hügels, bewaldeter Hügel', acorn. als, bret. aot, aod `Küste', as. ald, ahd. (usw.) alt `alt' (eigentlich `großgewachsen'), ahd. altôn `hinausschieben' (`alt machen'); *alti- auch in got. alds f. `Zeitraum, Lebenszeit', ags. ield `Zeitraum, Lebenszeit, Alter, Greisenalter' (Pl. ielde, as. eldi `Menschen'), anord.ǫld f. `Zeit, Zeitalter, Pl. Menschen'; *alti̯o- in osk. altinúm, wenn `alimentorum' = lat. *altiōnum; air. comaltae `Ziehbruder' = mcymr. cyfeillt `Höriger', ncymr. cyfaill `Freund' (*komal-ti̯os), mcymr. eillt (*alti̯os) `Zögling, Held', air. inailt (*eni-altī) `Dienerin', got. alþeis (*alti̯os) `alt' = air. alt(a)e `erzogen'; *altro- in air. altram `Nahrung', altru `Pflegevater' (cymr. athraw `Lehrer' usw., s. Pedersen KG. I 137); anord. aldr m. (Gen. aldrs) `Alter, Lebenszeit, Greisenalter', ags. ealdor `Leben', as. aldar, ahd. altar `Greisenalter, Lebensalter'.
Mit m-Forrnantien:
Gr. ἄλμα n. `Hain', φυτάλμιος Beiwort des Zeus und Poseidon (ebenso Φυτάλιος, Bezeichnung des isthmischen Poseidon in Troezen, Φύταλος, wozu hom. φυταλιή `Baumpflanzung' als Abstraktum, s. Bechtel Lexil. 331); lat. almus `nährend (ager), segenspendend, hold, hehr'. Vielleicht hierher die FlN thrak. Almus, illyr. (?) Almō (Rom), Almā (Etrurien), abrit. *Almā, engl. Yealm.
Toch. А ālym- `Leben, Geist'.
d-Erweiterungen: ai. íḍ-, íḍā `Labung, Spende'; gr. ἀλδαίνω `lasse wachsen, stärke', ἀλδήσκω `wachse', ἀναλδής `nicht gedeihend; Wachstum hemmend', ἄλδομαι `bringe hervor' (καρπούς).
dh-Erweiterungen: ai. r̥dhnóti, r̥náddhi, r̥dháti, ŕ̥dhyati `gedeiht, gelingt, macht gelingen, bringt zustande', av. arǝdat̃ `er lasse gedeihen', ǝrǝdāt- `Gedeihen schaffend', ai. árdhuka- `gedeihend' (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.); gr. ἀλθαίνω, ἄλθω `heile', ἄλθομαι `wachse, heile'; aschwed. alda `fruchttragende Eiche', aisl. aldin `Baurnfrucht, bes. eßbare (Ecker, Eichel)'.
References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.
Pages: 26-27
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *i̯oĺe
Meaning: food
Russian meaning: пища
Comments: A Western isogloss.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *(i)aĺ, *(i)aĺ-a-
Meaning: 1 meal, food 2 to eat 3 porridge 4 to feed
Russian meaning: 1 еда, пища 2 есть 3 каша 4 кормить
Old Turkic: aš 1, aša- 2 (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: aš 1, aša- 2 (KB) Turkish: aš 1
Tatar: aša- 2
Uighur: aš 1
Azerbaidzhan: aš 3
Turkmen: aš 1
Khakassian: as 1
Halaj: āš, ɔ̄š 1
Yakut: as 1
Dolgan: as 1, as- 2
Tuva: a'š 1, ažā- 4
Tofalar: aša- 4
Kirghiz: aš 1
Noghai: aša- 2
Bashkir: aša- 2
Balkar: aša- 2
Karaim: aša- 2
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-khal,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *öl
Meaning: nutritive, nutrition
Russian meaning: питательный, пища
Written Mongolian: öl (L 633) Khalkha: öl
Buriat: ül
Kalmuck: öl
Ordos: öl
Shary-Yoghur: öl
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-yuy,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ulī-
Meaning: to feed
Russian meaning: кормить
Evenki: ulī-
Even: uli-
Literary Manchu: ulebu-
Nanai: uli-
Udighe: ulikte 'sacrificial fat' (Корм. 301) tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-man,tunget-nan,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 207
Proto: *jOlV
English meaning: fat (of animal)
German meaning: Fett (des Tieres)
Saam (Lapp): jǫlle -l- (N) 'middling fatness, good condition', jållē (L) 'Rückenfett (des Rentiers)'
Khanty (Ostyak): pupi jåл (Trj.) 'Bärenfett', jɔt (Ni.) 'Blut (des Bären)'; Bibergeil', jal (O) 'Bibergeil; Weichrauch' ( > Nen. jāl 'Fett, Tran')
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-saa,uralet-khn,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *àḷ-
Meaning : fat; strength
Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *lāv Notes : It is not excluded that most of the Central Dravidian forms are re-borrowed from Telugu.
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *ăḷ-
Meaning : strength
Tamil : aḷ
Tamil meaning : strength, firmness
Kannada : aḷa, aḷavi, aḷavu, alavu
Kannada meaning : power, strength, force, ability, possibility, practicability
Number in DED : 0291
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *alav-
Meaning : power, ability, possibility, practicability
Telugu : alavi
Additional forms : Also alavu power, ability, strength, exertion; lāvu strength, power, ability, bigness, fatness, corpulence, robustness; adj. big, large, stout, corpulent, robust
Number in DED : 291
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *lāv
Meaning : fat, strength
Kolami : lāv "fat"
Parji : lāv "strength"
Number in DED : 291
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-parji,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *alav-
Meaning : strength
Notes : Bisyllabic root.
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kon,gndet-notes,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *lāv
Meaning : strength
Muria Gondi : lāv
Koya Gondi : lāv
Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : lāv "force"
Number in DED : 291
Number in CVOTGD : 3112
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_mu,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-gondi_m,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : alvi
Meaning: energy, stamina
Additional forms : Also Konda āl id., endurance; lāvu much
Number in DED : 291
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-addition,konet-dednum,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *lV
Meaning: to eat, food
Austroasiatic meaning: eat, food
Proto-Thai: bla.B raw food
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: lV
Meaning: eat, food
Thai: bla.B raw food
Proto-Khmu: *la
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kmr,aaet-kmu,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: bhla:
Old Khmer: wla:
Old Khmer Meaning: k.o. salad
References: P468
kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,
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