Tsezian etymology : List with all references

Proto-North Caucasian: *c̣ăjɨ̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fire

Proto-Nakh: *c̣e

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣aʔi

Proto-Tsezian: *c̣ǝ A

Proto-Lak: c̣u

Proto-Dargwa: *ċa

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣aj

Proto-Khinalug: č̣ä

Proto-West Caucasian: *mAc̣ʷa

Notes: One of the most reliable and stable common NC lexemes. The PWC form has a prefixed *ma- of somewhat obscure origin; the labialisation of *c̣ʷ must be explained either by the labialising influence of *m- or by the former oblique base vocalism *-ŭ- (suggested by PL obl. base *c̣ojɨ- / *c̣a(j)-rV-). See Trubetzkoy 1930, 276; Abdokov 1983, 98.

Many languages reflect an old oblique base formed with the *-rV suffix (*c̣aj-rV-), cf. PN *c̣ari-, PA *c̣ari- (reflected in Akhv. č̣ari), Lak. *c̣ara-, PL *c̣a(j)-rV-. The same stem with reduplication is probably reflected in PL *c̣arc̣ar 'luster, glitter' (Tab., Lezg. c̣arc̣ar) exactly corresponding to PAT *cǝrǝcǝrǝ 'to glitter' (Abkh. a-cǝrcǝr-ra, Abaz. cǝrcǝr-ra) (with the same loss of glottalisation and absence of labialisation as in *mǝca 'fire').

Another old derivate of the same root is probably PNC *c̣aj-lV 'brilliance, lightning' reflected in PN *stēla (~*sṭ-) ( > Chech. stēla-ʕad 'rainbow', stēla-χäštig 'lightning', /Usl./ stēla 'thunder', Ing. sela-ʕad 'rainbow'), Lak. c̣aj 'brilliance, glitter', PD *c̣ala (Ak. c̣ala 'sparkle', Chir. c̣ala-laIm 'lightning') and PAK *c̣ǝ-wǝ- (with a verbal stem *-wǝ-) 'to shine, glitter' (Ad. Bzhed. c̣ǝ-wǝ-, Kab. c̣ǝ-wǝ-). Note that *-j, having passed to word-medial position in PN, has caused the shift *c̣- > *st- (*sṭ-); note also the absence of labialisation in PAK *c̣ (without the prefixed *mV-).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *c̣e

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fire

Chechen: c̣e

Ingush: c̣i

Batsbi: c̣e

Comments: PN paradigm: *c̣e, *c̣ari- (Chech. c̣era-, Ing. c̣ero, Bacb. c̣ari-); 4th class.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣aʔi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fire

Avar: c̣a

Chadakolob: č̣a

Andian language: c̣a

Akhvakh: č̣ari

Chamalal: c̣ā

Tindi: c̣ā

Karata: c̣aj

Botlikh: c̣aj

Bagvalal: c̣aj

Godoberi: c̣aji

Comments: Av. paradigm C (c̣e-l/c̣a-dúl, c̣ája-l). Cf. also Cham. Gig. c̣aj, Gad. lā, Kar. Tok. c̣e, Arch.,Rach. c̣aji. The Akhv. form reflects an archaic oblique base *c̣ari-.

In most Andian languages the verb 'burn' is derived from this root (cf. And. c̣a-to-, Akhv. č̣o-ru-, Cham. c̣ah-, Tind. c̣ahal- etc.).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: c̣u

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fire

Lak form: c̣u

Comments: 4th class. Obl. base c̣ara-.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *c̣a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fire

Akusha: c̣a

Chiragh: c̣a

Comments: Cf. also Ur., Kub., Tsud. c̣a etc.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣aj

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fire

Lezghian: c̣aj

Tabasaran: c̣a

Agul: c̣a

Rutul: c̣aj

Tsakhur: c̣a

Kryz: c̣ä

Budukh: c̣ǝ

Archi: oc̣

Udi: aruχ

Comment: The oblique base must be reconstructed as *c̣ojɨ- with Ablaut (cf. Lezg. c̣u-, Khl. jɨc̣ɨ-, Tab. c̣i-, Ag. c̣i-, Rut., Kryz. c̣ɨ-; with vowel levelling Tsakh. c̣ajɨ-, Bud. c̣ǝji-). There also must have existed a parallel *-r-base *c̣o(j)-rV-, cf. Arch. loc. c̣ere-qI and the Udi a-r-uχ (originally a plural form). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.

See Trubetzkoy 1930, 83; Лексика 1971, 193; Гигинейшвили 1977, 100; Талибов 1980, 296.

Khinalug etymology :

Khinalug root: č̣ä

North Caucasian etymology: 38

Meaning: fire

Khinalug form: č̣ä

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *mAc̣ʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fire

Abkhaz: á-mca

Abaza: mca

Adyghe: mās.̌a

Kabardian: māf̣a

Ubykh: mǝǯ́á

Comments: PAT *mǝca (cf. also Bzyb. á-mca). PAK *mac̣ʷá. Ub. def. á-mǯ́a. The root presents some irregularities. The PAT and Ub. forms reveal a secondary delabialisation (PAT *mǝca < *mǝcʷa; Lomtatidze (1942, 862, 865) is probably right in assuming that the original labialized form is preserved in PAT *macʷǝ-śǝ 'lightning' ("fire"+"beat"); Ub. mǝǯ́á < *mǝʒʷa). The same languages also have lost glottalisation. The most archaic form (judging from the external evidence) is PAK *mac̣ʷá.

Cf. also PAT *cʷǝ- in *cʷǝ-mǝsa 'tinder' ( = PL *c̣ojɨ-mäs, see under *mä̆sA); this is probably the only trace of the prefixless stem in WC languages.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *c̣ăjɨ̆

Meaning: fire, brilliance

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *c̣ăjɨ̆

Sino-Tibetan: *ʒāj(H)

Burushaski: *śi

Basque: *śu

Comments and references : NSC 52 *c̣AjV, DCE 23. Differently (: PNC *ʒ_wahrī `star') in WFR 16, LV B29 (but cf. under *ʒwahrī).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʒāj(H)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: white, brilliant

Chinese: 瑳 *chājʔ white and brilliant.

Tibetan: gzi shine, brightness.

Burmese: sa to shine (of moon, sun).

Kachin: (H) ǯan ze to shine, as the sun (ǯan).

Kiranti: Kulung cha-ma blaze

Chinese characters :

Character: 瑳

Modern (Beijing) reading: cuō

Preclassic Old Chinese: shāj

Classic Old Chinese: shāj

Western Han Chinese: shāj

Eastern Han Chinese: shǟ

Early Postclassic Chinese: shā

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shā

Late Postclassic Chinese: shā

Middle Chinese: châ

English meaning : be white, bright

Comments: Also read *shājʔ, MC chấ (FQ 千可) id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0005 i

Shijing occurrences: 47.3

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *śi

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: fireplace, hearth

Hunza: śi

Nagar: śi

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *śu

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fire

Bizkaian: su

Gipuzkoan: su

High Navarrese: su

Low Navarrese: su

Salazarese: su

Lapurdian: su

Baztanese: su

Aezkoan: su

Zuberoan: sü

Roncalese: su

Comments: An exceptional form with a fossilized class prefix is Araban itsu 'fire' in itsu arri 'flint' < *i=ću har̄i 'fire stone' = (c) su(h)arri 'flint'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVJV

Meaning : to blink, shine, shade

Eurasiatic : *CajV

Afroasiatic : *ĉ̣uḥay- ?

Sino-Caucasian : *c̣ăjɨ̆

African (misc.) : Cf. Macro-Khoisan *ʒ́o[a] "ashes".

Reference : ОСНЯ 1, 199 (*c̣äjħa)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *c`ajV

Meaning: to blink, shine, shade

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *sḱeiǝ-

Altaic: *saja

Uralic: *saja (*śäjä (Setälä FUF 2, 267) ) (if not < IIr.)

Kartvelian: *ca-

Dravidian: *sāj- (*c-)

References: ОСНЯ 1, 199 (*c̣äjħa), МССНЯ 348.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *sk'āy-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: shadow, indirect light

Tokharian: B skiyo 'shade, shadow' (Adams 706)

Old Indian: chāyā́ f. `shade, shadow; reflection'

Avestan: a-saya- `wer keinen Schatten wirft'

Other Iranian: NPers sāya `Schatten, Schutz'

Old Greek: skiǟ́ f. `Schatten', skieró-, skiaró- `schattenreich, Schatten werfend, beschattet', skai̯ó- `schattig' (Nik.), skíro-n (? / *skī̂ro-n) n. Bez. eines weissen Sonnenschirms od. Baldachins, der bei Prozessionen von der Akropolis nach einem Skîron (Skíron) benannten Orte an der heiligen Strasse nach Eleusis zu Ehren der Athena (Skiras) und anderer Göttinnen und Götter gwetragen wurde; pl. Skíra N. eines Frauenfestes zu Ehren der Demeter Kore und der Athena Polias; skǟnǟ́ f. `Zelt(dach), Bude, Schmaus; Bühne(ngebäude), Szene', skǟ̂nos n. `Körper (= Zelt der Seele), Leichnam'

Slavic: *sьjātī, *sējǭ, *sēnь

Germanic: *skī-n-a- vb., *skī-n-a- m., n., *skī-n-ō(n-) f., *skī-m-an- m., *ski-m-an- m., *ski-m-Vr-ia- vb.

Albanian: hē, hie `Schatten'; hir `Gnade Gottes'

Russ. meaning: тень, непрямой свет

References: WP II 535 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Word: сия́ть,

Near etymology: сия́ю, укр. ся́ти, ся́ю, др.-русск., ст.-слав. сити λάμπειν (Клоц., Супр.), сербск.-цслав. синути (*синѫти), болг. сия́ен "блестящий; лучезарный", сербохорв. сjа̏ти, сjа̑м, словен. sijáti, sȋjem "сиять", síniti, sȋnem "засиять", далее родственно цслав. присоıе "солнцепек", сербохорв. òсоjе "тенистое место", а также сень.

Further etymology: Ср. также гот. skeinan "светить, блестеть", греч. σκιά "тень", σκοιός "тенистый", алб. hē "тень", др.-инд. сhāуā́ "блеск; тень", нов.-перс. sāуа "тень, защита", вероятно, также лтш. seja "лицо" (Розвадовский, Jagić-Festschr. 304; Траутман, ВSW 304; М.--Э. 3, 96; Младенов 655; Перссон 700; Торп 461 и сл.; Сольмсен, Unters. gr. Lautl. 278). В стороне остается греч. καίνυμαι "превосхожу", ирл. cáin "прекрасный, приветливый", вопреки Бецценбергеру (у Стокса 64), а также алб. si, sü "глаз", вопреки Г. Майеру (Alb. Wb. 383); см. Педерсен, KZ 36, 318.

Pages: 3,629

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *skīnan- vb., *skīna-z, -n, *skīnō(n), *skīmēn, *skimēn, *skimrian- vb.

Meaning: shine, shimmer

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: skīnan st. `shine, gleam'; *skīma `torch'

Old Norse: skīna st. `scheinen'; skin n. `Glanz, Licht'; skim n., skimi m. `Glanz, Licht', ? skī n. `Verstellung; Zauberei'; skjār m. `durchsichtige Kalbshaut als Fensterscheibe'

Norwegian: skina vb.; skin; skime `kurzer Schimmer, Verwirrung'; dial. skim `schwacher Glanz, Nordlicht'

Old Swedish: skina vb.; skir adj.

Swedish: dial. skim 'schwacher Glanz, Nordlicht'; sken; skär adj.; dial. skia `weissgefleckte Kuh'

Danish: skine vb.; skin

Old English: scīnan `scheinen, leuchten, glänzen', scima m. `Schatten', scīma m. `Licht, Klarheit', scimrian `glanzen', scīn n. `wonderlijke verschijning, spook'

English: shine, shimmer

Old Frisian: skīna vb.; skīn m., n.? `(zonne)schijn', skīn n., skīne f. `bewijs'; skymrian

Old Saxon: skīnan; skīn m. `Schein, Glanz', { scima `Schatten' }, skimo, skīmo `Glanz, Schimmer'; skīr(i) `helder, duidelijk'

Middle Dutch: scīnen; scēmeren `met een schaduw bedekt zijn; glanzen, flikkeren, schitteren'; scēme m., n., f. `schaduw, schim, lichtglans'; scim, scem `schaduw; schim'; scijn m., n., scīne m., f. `glans, schijn, uiterlijk, wezen, manier, toestand, blijk, bewijs, akte'

Dutch: schijnen; schemeren; schim f.; schijn m.

Middle Low German: schīnen; schēmeren `beschaduwen, donker zijn, worden of maken, schemeren', scimeringe `schemering'; schēme

Old High German: skīnan (8.Jh.) `scheinen, leuchten, glänzen', skīn {m.} (9.Jh.) `Schein', skīmo (8.Jh.) m. `Glanz, Schimmer'; skema '= larva, persona' (11.Jh.)

Middle High German: schīnen st. 'strahlen, glänzen, leuchten, erscheinen, sichtbar erden, dem Schein nach (aber nicht in Wirklichkeit) sein'; schëm(e) wk./st. m. `Schatten(bild), verlarvte, maskierte Erscheinung', scheim st. m. 'glanz, schimmer; larve, maske; schaum'; schīn st. m. 'Strahl, Glanz, Helligkeit, Sichtbarkeit, sichtbarer Beweiss'; schīm(e) st./wk. m. 'strahl, glanz, schimmer'; EaHG niederrhein. schimmen (um 1300), md. schemen (15.Jh.) 'blinken, funkeln'

German: scheinen; Schein m.; Schemen m., Scheme m. (noch in 18.Jh.); schimmern

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1714

Root: sk̂āi-, sk̂ǝi- : sk̂ī-

English meaning: to glimmer (of wet things); shadow

German meaning: `gedämpft schimmern; Schatten (Abglanz)'

Derivatives: sk̂ii̯ā- `Schatten'; sk̂ī-ro- `klar'

Material: Ai. chāyā́ `Glanz, Schimmer, Schatten', av. a-saya- `wer keinen Schatten wirft', np. sāya `Schatten, Schutz';

gr. σκιά̄ f. (sk̂ii̯-ā) `Schatten', σκιερός, hom. σκιόεις `schattig, dunkel', σκίρον `Sonnenschirm' (formal = alb. hir, mit Länge got. skeirs); mit der Stufe sk̂ā[i]-: σκηνή, dor.σκᾱνά̄ `Zelt, Bühne, Szene', σκη̃νος, dor. σκα̃νος n. `Zelt; Leib (als Hülle der Seele)'; σκη̃ν `Schmetterling, Motte' Hes.; σκίναρ n. `Leib';

alb. hē, hie `Schatten' (*sk̂ii̯ā), hir `Gnade' (= gr. σκίρον), (h)ona `Schatten' (*skēi-n-?), geg. huj `Gott';

aisl. skī n. `Heuchelei' (: gr. σκιά̄), got. skeinan `scheinen, leuchten, glänzen', aisl. skīna ds., ahd. ags. scīnan ds., nhd. scheinen (n-Präs., vgl. aksl. sinǫti; ob auch in lat.scintilla `Funke' eine Bildung von einem ähnlichen Ausgangspunkt aus vorliegt, ist fraglich (Ableitung eines *sk̂i-nto- `glänzend'?); aisl. skīn n., as. skīn, ahd. scīn m. `Schein, Glanz'; ags. as. scima, mhd. scheme `Schatten', nhd. Schemen `schattenhafte Gestalt', aisl. skimi m. `Glanz', nhd. schimmern, Schimmel usw.; got. skeima `Leuchte, Fackel', ahd. as. scīmo, ags. scīma m. `Licht, Glanz'; mhd. scheim ds.; ohne s- wohl norw. hīm, hīma, wie skīm `dünne Decke, Häutchen' (als `durchscheinend', vgl.:) aisl. skjār m. `durchsichtige Haut, Fensterrahmen'; got.skeirs `klar', aisl. skīrr, ags. scīr `durchsichtig, hell, rein', mhd. (md.) schīr `lauter', nhd. schier; aisl. skǣrr `rein, klar' (*skairi-r), afries. skēria `reinigen';

lett. seja (*k̂ei̯ā) `Schatten, Spiegelbild, Gesicht';

aksl. sijati, sinǫti `glänzen, hell werden', sěnь `Schatten' (neben stěnь für *scěnь); čech. čirý `lauter', russ. ščíryj `wahrhaft, echt' (got. Lw.?), ksl. *širъ `offen', Adv. širý usw.;

toch. В skiyo `Schatten' (= gr. σκιά̄).

References: WP. II 535 f., WH. I 131, Jokl L.-U. 60 ff., Trautmann 304.

Pages: 917-918

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *sằja ( ~ z-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: clear, dawn

Russian meaning: ясный, рассвет

Tungus-Manchu: *saj-

Korean: *sāi-

Japanese: *sàjà-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. Dag. sajarin 'dawn' is probably < Tung.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *saj-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 dawn 2 to dawn 3 light 4 clear, bright

Russian meaning: 1 рассвет, заря 2 рассветать 3 свет 4 светлый, светловатый

Evenki: sajirūl- 2, sajirūlǯarī 1, (dial.) šajama 3, hājeme 4

Comments: ТМС 2, 55, 309, 423. Attested only in Evk., with probable parallels in Kor. and Jpn.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sāi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to dawn

Russian meaning: рассветать

Modern Korean: sǟ-

Middle Korean: sāi-

Comments: Nam 295, KED 921.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *sàjà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: clear, light

Russian meaning: светлый, ясный

Old Japanese: saja, saja-ke-

Middle Japanese: sàjà, sàjà-ke-

Tokyo: sáyaka

Kyoto: sàyákà

Kagoshima: sayaká

Comments: JLTT 520.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1550

Proto: *saja

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: shadow

German meaning: Schatten

Finnish: suoja 'Schutz, Schirm, Zufluchtsort; dial. Gebäude, Stube; Tauwetter; sanft, mild (vom Wetter)', suojele- 'beschützen, verteidigen, hüten' ( > Saam. N suoggjâli- 'protect, keep safe'), suoju- 'warm werden, beruhigt, besänftigt werden' ?

Estonian: soe (gen. soa, sooja) 'warm, Wärme; liebreich, liebevoll' ?

Saam (Lapp): suoggje -j- (N) 'lee, shelter; protection', suodje (L) 'Windschutz, Lee', si̮ǝ̑i̯ja (T), sū͕i̯j^(e) (Kld.), su͕o͕i̯j^ǝ (Not.) 'Schutz (vor Regen, Wind)', ? šuoggja -j- ~ šuoggje -j- (N) 'supernatural being which rejoices at people's misfortunes', sjuodjė̄ (L) 'ein übernatürliches Wesen, das überall da ist und alles hört' ?

Mari (Cheremis): šaj-kǝ̑, šajǝ̑k (KB) 'hinter (acc.)', šajkǝ̑la 'nach hinten zu'; šoj-ć (B) 'von hinten, hinter', šojǝ̑lč id., šojlan 'später; šojŭl (M) 'das Hintere, Hinter-'; śöśte- (M U), šöšte- (U) 'beschatten' (? also attributed to *saśtV - SAS)

Udmurt (Votyak): saj (S) 'Küħɫɛ, Frische', saj (G) 'Zufluchtsstätte', saj (Wied.) 'Schatten; Kühlung'

Komi (Zyrian): saj (S) 'Raum hinter etw.', saje̮ (P) 'hinter (acc.), hinten', saji̮n 'hinter (dat.), hinten'; sa^.jø (PO) 'hinter' (acc.), sa^.jøn 'hinter (dat.)' ( > Khanty säj (V), saj (DN O) 'Schutz, Hinterraum; Vorhang', Mansi N saj 'abseits gelegener Ort'), sajk (Ud.) 'прохлада, свежесть' ( > Khanty O sajǝk 'nüchtern, nicht berauscht', Mansi So. sājǝk 'id.; frisch', sajik (N) 'frostig, kühl, kalt; nüchtern'), sajed (I) 'Schutz, Schirm'

Sammalahti's version: *so/aja

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ca-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: небо

English meaning: sky

Georgian: ca-

Megrel: ca-

Svan: cā-š

Svan meaning (Rus.): четверг

Svan meaning (Eng.): Thursday

Laz: (m)ca-, (n)ca-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 222, EWK 443-444. Климов сравнивает основу с ПСК *ʒǝ̆wɨ̆ 'небо' (NCED 1092-1093), что сомнительно по фонетическим соображениям. Возможно, лучше сопоставить с ПИЕ *sḱeiǝ- 'сиять, мерцать', урал. *śäjä 'мерцать, светиться', драв. *cāj 'блеск', для которых Иллич-Свитыч (ОСНЯ 1, 199) восстанавливает *c̣äjḥa, хотя возможна и реконструкция *cäjV.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *sāj- (*c-)

Meaning : beauty, light

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *Sāj-

Notes : Cf. also Kui sānja 'to be proper, beautiful'.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *Sāj-

Meaning : brilliance, beauty

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : cāy

Tamil meaning : brilliance, light, beauty, colour, fame, reputation

Tamil derivates : cāyam colour, tinge, tint, dye, true colour, real nature; cāyal beauty, gracefulness, colour, likeness, resemblance, reflected image, shadow; āy (-v-, -nt-) to be or become beautiful; n. beauty; ai beauty; aitu that which is beautiful, beauty; aiya beautiful

Malayalam : cāy

Malayalam meaning : beauty

Malayalam derivates : cāyam colour, dye, paint; cāyal shape, figure, resemblance, beauty, colour

Kodagu : cāy

Kodagu meaning : beauty

Kodagu derivates : cāylɨ well (adv.); cāykārë handsome man; fem. cāykarati

Proto-Nilgiri : *Sāv-ĭ

Number in DED : 2457