Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *jɔ̃ƛu A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ashes

Tsezi: noIƛu

Ginukh: noƛu

Khvarshi: jũƛu

Inkhokvari: jõƛu

Bezhta: jaƛo

Gunzib: jɔƛu

Comments: PTsKh *jõƛu (with shift of nasalisation in Tsez. and Gin.), PGB *jɔ̃ƛu (for nasalisation cf. Gunz. (Gunz.) jɔ̃ƛu).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *jǝmg_e ( ~ -i)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ashes

Proto-Nakh: *jobq̇

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ƛ̣:iʔi

Proto-Tsezian: *jɔ̃ƛu A

Proto-West Caucasian: *jaɣ́a

Notes: PN *-q̇ in this case reflects a secondarily labialised *-Ł_w- < *-g_w- (the original velar nature of the root stop is suggested by the WC reflex), where labialisation was induced by medial *-m-. PA *ƛ̣:iʔi ( = *ƛ̣:iji) is obviously a metathesis < *jiƛ̣:i. With the exception of these secondary processes (quite common in NC languages), correspondences are regular, and the etymology seems quite plausible. See Abdokov 1983, 93.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *jobq̇

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ashes

Chechen: juq̇

Ingush: joq̇

Batsbi: joṗq̇

Comments: Obl. base *ʔabq̇u-r-, cf. Chech. ʔovq̇ara-n, Ing. ʔovq̇aro, Bacb. ʔaṗq̇ajr-i. 4th class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ƛ̣:iʔi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ashes

Andian language: ƛ̣:e

Akhvakh: ƛ̣:e (Gudava)

Chamalal: ƛ̣:ē

Tindi: ƛ̣:ē

Karata: ƛ̣:ej

Botlikh: ƛ̣:e(j)

Bagvalal: ƛ̣:e

Godoberi: ƛ̣:eji

Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. ƛ̣:ej.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *jaɣ́a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ashes

Adyghe: jāž́a

Kabardian: jāźa

Comments: PAK *jaž́á. The word has no PAT or Ub. parallels, but reliable correspondences in PEC - thus the inner PAK etymology proposed in Шагиров 1, 169 (ja- - same as in *jaṭa 'clay, dirt', -ž́a - related to PAK *ž́ǝ 'wind, air') seems less convincing.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HV́mgV

Meaning: coal, ashes

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *jǝmg_e ( ~ -i)

Yenisseian: *kuʔw-

Burushaski: *gu

Comments and references : One of the cases of initial reduction in PY. LDC 26.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *kuʔw-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: coal

Ket: kuʔ 'coal', kūɣuĺ¹, pl. -ǝŋ¹, South. kūĺt, pl. -ǝŋ¹ 'fire-brand'

Yug: kufɨl^1,5, pl. -ɨŋ¹; kufɨlči¹, pl. kufɨlčaŋ¹ 'coal, fire-brand'; kū 'rust' (Werner 1, 458)

Kottish: hupōi, pl. hupōjaŋ "coal"; Ass. (М., Сл.) kuvulán "burning coal"

Arin: kuburuŋ (Кл.) "heat"; kuburúŋ (М., Сл.) "burning coal"

Comments: ССЕ 241. The stem *kuʔw- is directly reflected in Ket. kuʔ and Kott. hupōi; the other forms reflect a not quite clear compound *kuʔw-bVĺ (with secondary devoicing > *kuʔw-pVĺ > Ket kūɣuĺ, Yug kufɨl). The second component is perhaps PY *bVʔĺ 'thick' ("thick place of coal" = "fire-brand"?). Werner 1, 457 reconstructs <*kuʔ> and <*kup^hǝʎ>, suggesting that the second component of the latter can be = Kott. fal, phal 'hot' (see *ʔapV).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *gu

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: a mixture of dust and rust

Yasin: gu

Hunza: gu

Nagar: gu

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVMGV

Meaning : dirt, earth ?

Eurasiatic : *magV

Sino-Caucasian : *HV́mgV

Amerind (misc.) : *ama(k) 'earth; dirt, dust' (R 206)

Reference : GE 89 *mak (+ IP).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *magV

Meaning: earth

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *mag(')h-

Uralic: *maɣe

References: МССНЯ 342; ND 1374 *magE 'earth, land'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *mag(')h-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: earth

Old Indian: mahī́ f. `earth'

Celtic: *mag- > Gaul Arganto-magus; OIr mag `Ebene, das freie Feld'; Cymr mā `Ort'

Russ. meaning: земля

References: WP II 257 f

Uralic etymology :

Number: 524

Proto: *maɣe

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: land, earth

German meaning: Land, Erde

Finnish: maa 'Land; Acker; Erde, Boden' ( > Saam. N mā 'Land, Erde', L mādja 'Gegend', K Not. māvă 'Welt')

Estonian: maa

Mari (Cheremis): mu-nö 'auf der Erde', muɣö 'auf die Erde', müjän id. (M), mülänδǝ (KB), mǝ̑lanδe (U B), melanδe (B) 'Erde, Erdboden, Land'

Udmurt (Votyak): mu (S G) 'Erde'

Komi (Zyrian): mu (SP PO) 'Erde, Acker, Land'

Khanty (Ostyak): mĕɣ (V), mĕχ (DN), muw (O) 'Land, Erde'

Mansi (Vogul): mɛ̮̄ (TJ), mā (Kū Sö.), mē̮ (P) 'Erde, Stelle, Platz'

Nganasan (Tawgi): mou, ma-maru 'Erde'

Selkup: ma-š qula 'земляные люди, селькупы'

Sammalahti's version: FU *mi6xi

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