Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʔelA

Meaning: to be, live

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ēlV; + *ilV 'to stand, become'

Uralic: *elä-; *le (476)

Kartvelian: *el- [but Kartv. *xl- 'to be near' is probably < 'to be in front', see *HalV]

Dravidian: *il-

References: МССНЯ 332, 341; ОСНЯ 1, 267-268. [Dolg. Ndr 25 *ʔel̄V 'clan, tribe', as well as 2578 [χ]elA 'to dwell, live', also adding some pronominal parallels meaning 'all'; there's also 27 *ʔil[a] 'place to stay, stand' where Dolgopolski attaches Drav. il- and some locative morphemes in various languages; 769 *hil̄[U] 'stand, be, exist' - in general, a lot of confusion].

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ḗlV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: peace

Russian meaning: мир

Turkic: *ēl

Mongolian: *el

Tungus-Manchu: *elke

Comments: EAS 145, KW 118, Poppe 76, ОСНЯ 1, 268, Rozycki 68. A Western isogloss (in fact, basically Turk.-Tung., since Mong. may be < Turk., see TMN 2, 200; Clark 1980, 43 on Mong. elči < Turk. ēl-či).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ēl

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 peace 2 people, country

Russian meaning: 1 мир 2 народ, страна

Old Turkic: el 2 (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: el 1, 2 (MK)

Turkish: il, el 2

Tatar: il 2

Middle Turkic: il (AH), el (Abush., Pav. C.) 2

Uzbek: el 2

Uighur: il, äl 2

Azerbaidzhan: el 2

Turkmen: īl 2

Khakassian: il 2

Oyrat: el 2

Chuvash: jal 2

Yakut: il 2

Kirghiz: el 2

Kazakh: el 2

Noghai: el 2

Bashkir: il 2

Balkar: el 2

Gagauz: iel 2

Karaim: el 2

Karakalpak: el 2

Kumyk: el 2

Comments: EDT 121-122, VEWT 39, TMN 2, 194, ЭСТЯ 1, 339-343, Егоров 352, Лексика 316. The meaning "peace" attested in MK is probably the most archaic (cf. the external parallels; typologically cf. also Slavic *mirъ 'peace' > 'world'), suggesting a development *'peace' > 'peaceful people, realm, country'.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *el

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 peaceful 2 relatives

Russian meaning: 1 мирный 2 родственники

Written Mongolian: el 1 (L 306), elgen 2

Middle Mongolian: el (SH)

Khalkha: el 2

Buriat: eldin

Kalmuck: el

Comments: KW 118.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *elke

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: peaceful, silent

Russian meaning: тихий, осторожный

Evenki: elke

Negidal: elke

Spoken Manchu: elǝxǝ 'leisurely' (2956)

Literary Manchu: elxe

Ulcha: erke

Orok: erke

Nanai: elke

Oroch: ekke

Udighe: eke

Comments: ТМС 2, 447-448. TM > Dag. elke (Тод. Даг. 139).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 134

Proto: *elä-

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to live

German meaning: leben

Finnish: elä- 'leben; wohnen'

Estonian: ela-

Saam (Lapp): ælle- ǣl- (N), iellē-, ǟllē- (L), jielle- (jea-) (T), ie_ille- (Kld.)

Mordovian: eŕa-, äŕa- (E), eŕa- (M) 'leben, wohnen' ??

Mari (Cheremis): ǝle- (KB), ile- (U B)

Udmurt (Votyak): ul- (S), ulị̑- (G) 'leben; sein'

Komi (Zyrian): ol- (S), ov- (P), o^.l- (PO)

Khanty (Ostyak): jel (V) 'Quellader', jilpȧlǝ- (O) '(von einer Krankheit) genesen', jilpǝt- (O) 'wiederbeleben', jĕlǝw (V) 'neu, frisch', jĕtǝp (DN), jilǝp (O)

Mansi (Vogul): ilt- (TJ), jält- (KU P), jalt- (So.) 'gesund od. geheilt werden'

Hungarian: él- 'leben; genießen, gebrauchen'

Nenets (Yurak): jīĺe- (O) 'leben; wohnen'

Enets (Yen): iði- (Ch.), jire- (B) 'leben'

Nganasan (Tawgi): ńile-

Selkup: ilá- (Ta. Ke.), īla- (Tur.), ela- (Ty.)

Kamass: ʒ́ilī- 'wieder aufleben', ʒ́ili 'lebendig'

Janhunen's version: (27) *elä-

Sammalahti's version: *elä-

Addenda: Taig. ilinde

K. Reshetnikov's notes: Contrary to Rédei, OU *jĭlǝp 'new, fresh' doesn't belong here - it has other parallels (see the next etymology, URAET 135).

References: FUV; SKES; КЭСКЯ; Budenz MUSz. 773; EtSz.; SzófSz.; MSzFgrE; TESz.; Paas. Beitr. 38; ИВПЯ 92

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *el-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: народ, страна; быть

English meaning: people, country; to be

Georgian: dial. el-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): народ; ср.-груз. el- 'страна, край'

Georgian meaning (Engl.): people; Middle Georg. el- 'country, location'

Svan: l-

Svan meaning (Rus.): быть (l-i 'есть', l-i-x 'суть')

Svan meaning (Eng.): to be (l-i 'is', l-i-x 'are')

Notes and references: ОСНЯ 1, 268. Основа далее сравнивается с урал. *elä 'жить', драв. *il 'жилище', алт. *ēlV 'население, народ' (ностр. *ʔelA "жить"). Отметим, что др.-груз. er- 'народ, войско', также привлекаемое Иллич-Свитычем, скорее всего, заимствовано из СК (см. NCED 249, ПСК *ʡwǝ̆hri 'войско').

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *il-

Meaning : house

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *il

Proto-Telugu : *ill-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *il-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *il-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *il

Meaning : house

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : il

Tamil meaning : house, home, place, wife

Tamil derivates : illam house, home; illavaḷ, illāḷ wife, mistress of house; illāḷan_, illāḷi householder

Malayalam : il

Malayalam meaning : house, place

Malayalam derivates : illam house of Nambudiri

Kodagu : illavëN

Kodagu meaning : man who is a relative

Tulu : illụ

Tulu meaning : house, dwelling, family

Number in DED : 0494

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *ill-

Meaning : house, dwelling, habitation

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : illu (adj. iṇṭi)

Additional forms : Also [1] illaṭamu, [2] illaṇṭramu living in the house of one's wife's father

Number in DED : 494

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *il-

Meaning : house

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : ella

Naikri : ella

Parji : il podi "roof"

Notes : Irregular e- in Kolami and Naikri.

Number in DED : 494

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *il-

Meaning : house

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *il-

Konda : ilu (pl. ilku)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *il

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *il-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *il-

Meaning : house

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Adilabad Gondi : il (SR)

Number in DED : 494

Number in CVOTGD : 196

Konda etymology :

Konda : ilu (pl. ilku)

Meaning: house

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 494

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *il

Meaning : house

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : il (obl. inj-, pl. ilku)

Manda : il

Number in DED : 494

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *il-

Meaning : house

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : iḍu "house, dwelling, shed, hut"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : illū (pl. ilka)

Kuwi (Schulze) : illu

Sunkarametta Kuwi : il (pl. ilka)

Parja Kuwi : il (pl. ilka)

Number in DED : 494

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVLV

Meaning : to be, live

Eurasiatic : *ʔelA

Afroasiatic : *ʔal-/*ʔil-; *hVl(w) 'to exist, be, stand' (Sem., Berb., Cush.); also Sem. *ħill- 'stay, live'

Sino-Caucasian : *=V̆́ʎwV̆

Austric : PAA *(rǝ)lu 'rest' (or PAA *lǝ:j 'lazy', PAN *belay 'tire(d), weary')

Amerind (misc.) : *ʔali 'to bear; child' (R 121) (for "lazy" cf. R 422 *hilak?)

Reference : ND 769, 2578.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔal-/*ʔil-

Meaning: be

Berber: *ʔil- 'be, become'

Central Chadic: *ʔal- 'be'

East Chadic: *ʔal- 'exist'

Low East Cushitic: *ʔal-/*ʔil- 'be'

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *ʔil-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be, become'

Senhadja: ili

Iznassen: ili

Notes: Tua ili

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *ʔal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be'

Logone: āli, li [LLog]

Notes: Mada ala, ara < *ʔara.

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *ʔal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'exist'

Bidiya: ʔāl [JBid]

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ʔal-/*ʔil-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be'

Somali: -aal, -iil

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=V̆́ʎwV̆

Meaning: to rest; quiet, silent

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=uʎ_wV

Sino-Tibetan: *l[ɨ̆]j

Yenisseian: *ʔaʔl-bǝt (~x-)

Basque: *oɫhe

Comments and references : In PST cf. also *ʔɨāɫ 'rest'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=uʎ_wV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be silent, quiet

Proto-Dargwa: *=uxʷ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔoʎ:ʷa-

Notes: Abdokov (1983, 148) compares the root with PAK *xʷámǝ 'silent, quiet' (Ad. fam, Kab. xʷam): this is possible if -mǝ is a suffixed morpheme.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=uxʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to speak, to say, to talk

Chiragh: =uxʷ-

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔoʎ:ʷa-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to be silent,listen 2 be reconciled 3 to say

Agul: d-ux́- 2

Rutul: =uxʷa- 3

Archi: o=ʎ:a- 1

Comment: Cf. also Arch. dur. =orʎ:u-r, Ag. Bursh. ʕad-uš:a-s. Note a peculiar semantic shift '(keep silent, reconcile) > listen > (*cause to listen) > say' (rather often observed in Caucasian languages).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *l[ɨ̆]j

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: easy

Chinese: 夷 *lǝj easy; be at rest; pacify, peaceful.

Burmese: lwaj be easy, not difficult.

Kachin: loi² easy.

Lushai: tlei be good, be quiet; not cry.

Kiranti: *lè-bä

Comments: Bunan lo-i; Trung la¹ (but cf. *lă). Ben. 67; Mat. 170.

Chinese characters :

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *lèbä

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: quiet

Tulung: liwa (AS leba) quiet

Kaling: läbä münä be quiet

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔal-bǝt (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: quietly (not loudly)

Ket: aĺbǝt⁵

Yug: albǝt⁵

Comments: ССЕ 180. Werner 1, 29.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *oɫhe

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 meek, mild, gentle, peaceful 2 meekly, mildly, etc.

Lapurdian: (arc) olhe 1, olhe-ki 2

Comments: Attributed by Azkue to Haraneder (18th c.) and Pouvreau (17th c.), who wrote in the LAB dialect.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lVj

Meaning: lazy

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *lǝ:j

Austroasiatic meaning: lazy

Proto-Austronesian: *belay

Austronesian meaning: tired, weary; to tire, grow tired

Proto-Thai: lalǝ:j.A careless

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *lǝ:j

Meaning: lazy

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: lalǝ:j.A careless

Khmer: dhlaoj

Proto-Vietic: [*lǝ:j]

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: dhlaoj

Meaning: to miscalculate, go wrong, err

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

References: JP334

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