Nostratic etymology : List with all references

Proto-Turkic: *eŋ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: very

Russian meaning: очень

Old Turkic: eŋ (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: eŋ (KB)

Turkish: en

Tatar: iŋ

Uzbek: eŋ

Uighur: äŋ

Sary-Yughur: jeŋ

Azerbaidzhan: än

Turkmen: iŋ

Khakassian: iŋ, dial. niŋ

Shor: eŋ

Oyrat: eŋ

Yakut: eŋin 'diverse, various'

Dolgan: eŋin-eŋin 'diverse'

Tuva: eŋ

Kirghiz: eŋ

Kazakh: eŋ

Noghai: eŋ

Bashkir: iŋ

Balkar: eŋ

Gagauz: heŋ

Karaim: eŋk

Karakalpak: eŋ

Comments: VEWT 45, EDT 166, ЭСТЯ 1, 365-366, Stachowski 43. Turk. > Mong. eŋ, see TMN 2, 130.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *aŋ-ka

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 original 2 very, extremely

Russian meaning: 1 первоначально, -ый; 2 очень, чрезвычайно

Written Mongolian: aŋqa(n) (L 45)

Middle Mongolian: aŋqa (SH) 2, anqani quina 'quite behind'(MA 103)

Khalkha: anx(an) 1

Buriat: anxa(n) 1

Kalmuck: aŋxǝn 1

Ordos: aŋxan 1

Dagur: aŋke 1 (MD 115)

Monguor: aŋ 1 (SM 9)

Comments: KW 11-12. Mong. > Kirgh. aŋqɨ- 'be first'.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ana-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: very

Russian meaning: очень

Nanai: anam

Oroch: ana, anī, anu

Comments: ТМС 1, 41.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *àńí

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: beginning, first, preliminary

Russian meaning: сначала, прежде всего, начерно

Modern Korean: ä-bǝl

Middle Korean: àńí

Comments: Nam 339, KED 1102.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 137

Proto: *enä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: big, large, much, many

German meaning: groß, viel

Finnish: enää 'mehr, weiter, ferner', enempi 'mehr', eno 'Wasserfall, reißender Strom; Onkel (mütterlicher Seite)'

Estonian: enam, (S) enämb 'mehr', onu (S.) uno 'Oheim'

Saam (Lapp): ǣdnâg 'much (of), a lot (of); many' (N), ǟtna, ǟtnak (L) 'viel, viele', jienni̊g (T), ienneɣ (Kld.), ianneɣ́, jennaj (Not.), jennøj (A) 'viel; wie viel, wie viele', dædno ~ ædno -ǣn- 'the main river', ätnō (L) 'Fluß, Strom', je̯ä ̀n ̀uo͕ 'Bach', āeno, ed'nu ~ ēdnu (N) 'mother's brother, maternal uncle', ǟnoi, ädnu (L) 'jüngerer oder älterer Bruder od. Vetter der Mutter', jeanaj (T) 'Mutterbruder'

Mordovian: ińe (E), ińä (M) 'groß'

Udmurt (Votyak): uno (S), uno, úno (J), ị̑no (Uf.) 'viel' ?

Komi (Zyrian): una (S), una^. (P PO) 'Menge; viel', un-aj (V) 'Oheim, älterer Bruder des Vaters'

Khanty (Ostyak): eṇǝ (V), enǝ (DN) 'dick; groß; älterer, ältester'

Mansi (Vogul): jinǝ^.w (TJ), jänǝj (KU), jänǝɣ (P), janiɣ (So.) 'groß'

Nenets (Yurak): ńińeka (O) 'älterer Bruder, jüngerer Bruder des Vaters'

Enets (Yen): ina 'älterer Bruder'

Nganasan (Tawgi): aniʔe 'groß' ?, ńenne 'Bruder'

Selkup: innê, innɔ (NP) 'älterer Bruder'

Sammalahti's version: (FU?) *e/inä

K. Reshetnikov's notes: By Rédei, in this comparison is also involved Ngan. aniʔe 'big' (with ?), but I still prefer to link this form to other material (see URAET 13). It is not quite clear how to interpret some words meaning an elder (male) relative: FB-Lapp. *enoi 'maternal uncle', Komi un(-) 'uncle/aunt', Sam. *inä 'elder brother, father's younger brother'. In UEW, these words are listed as reflexes of the Proto-Uralic word in question, which is based on their phonetical shape as well as on a possibility of semantical development 'big > elder > elder brother, uncle' (note that in FB, Lapp. and Komi the first syllable vowels of respective forms are perfectly identic with those of forms meaning 'much, more' and 'big'). Such a solution doesn't seem unacceptable, but in URAET, I preliminarily treat this etymological group as a distinct one (see URAET 1801).

References: FUV; SKES; КЭСКЯ; DEWO 110; Budenz MUSz. 783, 857; Paas. Beitr. 19; Stein.Fgr.Vok. 50; Collinder CompGr. 134, 175-176, 376; ИВПЯ 21, 221;

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *aŋ(u)-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: big

Russian meaning: большой

Proto-Yupik: *aŋ(u)-

Proto-Inupik: *aŋǝ-na-

Comments: Cf. the derivatives *aŋ(ǝ)-li- 'to grow up, to become bigger', *aŋ-tu- 'big, bigness'. Not related to *aŋu-nt 'man, old man, male animal'.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 32

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *aŋ(u)-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: big 1, great 2

Russian Meaning: большой 1, великий 2

Sirenik: aŋúla 'growth, age', //aŋǝpalaχ 'big one'

Chaplino: āŋǝlʁi, áŋulʁi* 1, áŋakuq* 2, aŋákuq* 'strong', aŋǝ́nǝq (ʁǝt) 'bigger', āŋǝrāʁinaq (t) superl.

Naukan: ánɫuk 1, aŋǝ́nǝχpíɣaq superl. 'biggest, great'

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: aŋǝ- 1

Chugach (Birket-Smith): aŋŋuq 2

Central Alaskan Yupik: aŋǝ- 1

Nunivak (Peripheral): aŋŋoχ* 1

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 32, 35

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *ạŋǝ̣-na-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: big 1, wide, last long 2, too big for 3, to make too big (large) 4

Russian meaning: большой 1, широкий, необъятный 2, довольно большой для 3, делать большим, чем надо 4

Seward Peninsula Inupik: aŋnāq- 4

SPI Dialects: Imaq áɣnɨráqpiûroq superl. 1

North Alaskan Inupik: aŋɨ- 1, aŋ(ɨ)nāq- 4

NAI Dialects: B aŋiʁoq* 1, aŋilaʁa* 'to exceed sth. in its. size', Nu aknāq- 4

Western Canadian Inupik: aŋi- 1

WCI Dialects: Cor aŋijoq*, aŋivoq* 1, M aŋijoq* 1, aŋilaʁa* 'to exceed sth. in its. size'

Eastern Canadian Inupik: aŋi- 1, annitu- 2, aŋināq- 3

Greenlandic Inupik: aŋi- (angivoq*) 1, anniʁtu- (angnertu-*) 2, anniq (ʁ) 'bigger or biggest thing', annāʁ- 3

GRI Dialects: [EG anniq 'bearded seal]

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 32

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNV

Meaning : big, very

Eurasiatic : *ʔVnV

Afroasiatic : *ḥVnVʕ- 'fill, full' (cf. also Sem. *ɣny- compared with Nostr in ND)

Sino-Caucasian : (ST *ŋʷăH much, abundant' ?)

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVnVʕ-

Meaning: fill

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Egyptian: ḥnʕ 'fill' (gr)

Western Chadic: *ḥyan-H- 'fill'

Central Chadic: *hyan- 'fīll'

East Chadic: *ʔawVn- 'fill' 1, 'full' 2

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ḥnʕ

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'fill' (gr)

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ḥyan-H-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'fill'

Warji: yan- [SkNb]

Pa'a: ḥyaŋgù [MS]

Sayanchi: yúŋ [Cs]

Guruntum: ngyuni [Ja: 184]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *hyan-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'fill'

Lame: yɛ́n- [Kr N 417]

Mesme: hen [Kr N 417]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *ʔawVn-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'fill' 1, 'full' 2

Somrai: ʔwʌn 1 [CLR: 157]

Tumak: ān 1,2 [Cp]

Ndam: ʔǝ́nâ 1 [CLR]

Lele: wèén [Grg] 2

Kabalai: wòn 1,wònǝ́ 2 [CLR: 157]

Kwang: àn-če 1, ān-čin 2 [CLR]

Migama: ʔúnáw 1, ʔúnìntà 2 [JMig]

Mubi: wénì2 [CLR]

Birgit: ʔùní1, ʔúnán-tà 2[CLR]

Mokilko: ʔóónè 1 [JMkk]

Sokoro: wɛ̀ná 2 [CLR]

Notes: Mkk show a met: *ʔanUH- > ʔaHUn- > ʔoon-