Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kóre

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to freeze

Russian meaning: замерзать

Turkic: *Kört

Mongolian: *kör

Tungus-Manchu: *kuri-

Japanese: *kǝ́r-

Comments: VEWT 311, KW 240.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kört

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: snow drift, deep snow

Russian meaning: сугроб, глубокий снег

Old Turkic: kürtük (OUygh.)

Turkish: kürt (dial.), gürtük

Tatar: kört

Uighur: kürt

Khakassian: körtǝk

Shor: kürt

Oyrat: körtük, kürt

Chuvash: kǝrt (Anatri)

Yakut: kürǯük

Tuva: xörtük

Kirghiz: kürtük

Kazakh: kürt, kürtǝk

Noghai: kürtǝk

Bashkir: kört

Balkar: kürt

Kumyk: kürt

Comments: EDT 739, ЭСТЯ 5, 149-150.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kör

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 dense, thick snow 2 to freeze

Russian meaning: 1 толстый сугроб 2 замерзать, остывать

Written Mongolian: kör 1, körü- 2 (L 490)

Middle Mongolian: kor-be 'iced, cold' (HY 6)

Khalkha: xör 1, xörö- 2

Buriat: xür 1, xüre- 2

Kalmuck: kör 1, kör- 2 (КРС)

Ordos: kör- 2

Shary-Yoghur: kör 1, kör-, körgö- 2

Monguor: kori- 'se geler' (SM 215), korǝ 1

Comments: MGCD 375, 376.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kuri-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to freeze (of ice on window) 2 snow drift

Russian meaning: 1 намерзнуть (о льде на окне) 2 сугроб, намет снега

Evenki: kurêr- 1

Even: kurilke 2

Comments: ТМС 1, 436-437.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kǝ́r-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to freeze

Russian meaning: замерзать, застывать

Old Japanese: kor-

Middle Japanese: kór-

Tokyo: kór-

Kyoto: kòr-

Kagoshima: kór-

Comments: JLTT 713. Accent in Tokyo and Kyoto is irregular (pointing to a variant *kǝ̀r-).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *KurV

Meaning: cold

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *kóre

Uralic: *kura

Kartvelian: Svan. ḳwarem- 'frost, ice'

Dravidian: *kor_-

References: ND 1146 *ḳu(w)R[E] '(severe) cold'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 422

Proto: *kura

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: hoar-frost, thin snow

German meaning: Reif, feiner Schnee

Finnish: kuura 'Reif'

Estonian: kuurukene (dial., gen. kuurukese), (veralt.) kuureg 'kleiner, über den Weg gewehter Schneestreifen'

Saam (Lapp): kā̊rrālahka (L) 'Eisrinde, Eiskruste, Glatteis', kā̊rrō- (L) 'es bildet sich Rauhreif an den Bäumen'

Udmurt (Votyak): ge̮r (S) 'Reif; Eisblumen (am Fenster); Reis od. Eiszapfen'

Komi (Zyrian): gi̮e̮r (S) 'Reif' ( > Khanty O kijar 'Reif', Mansi kiɣǝrtt- 'покрывать инеем, снегом, льдом')

Hungarian: harmat 'Tau', (veralt.) hóharmat 'Reif' ?

Selkup: kurǝ (KeO) 'feiner Schnee, Reif'

Kamass: kuro 'Reif, Frost'

Addenda: Olon. kuuru 'Reif'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kor_-

Meaning : cold

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kor_-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kor- (*-r_-)

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kor_-

Meaning : cold

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kannada : kor_e, kor_i

Kannada meaning : to pierce (as cold)

Kannada derivates : kor_eta, kor_ata the piercing of cold (or with DEDR 1859)

Tulu : koraḷe

Tulu meaning : (B-K) cold

Proto-Nilgiri : *kor_-ǝv-

Number in DED : 2168

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kor_-

Meaning : cold

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : korv- (kord-) "to be cold"

Toda : kwar_- (kwar_ɵ-) "to feel cold"

Additional forms : Also Kota kor, korv coldness; Toda kwar_ cold; kwar- (kwarɵ-) to be cold (in songs; ? < Badaga or Ko.)

Number in DED : 2168

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kor- (*-r_-)

Meaning : cold

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kor- (*-r_-)

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *kor- (*-r_-)

Meaning : cold

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : kharrā "frost"

Maria Gondi (Lind) : karīng, koring

Number in DED : 2168

Number in CVOTGD : 995

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : cold

Eurasiatic : *KurV

Afroasiatic : *ḳʷVrVr-

Sino-Caucasian : *xq̇HwV̆rdV́ ?

Reference : ND 1146.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷVrVr-

Meaning: cold

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḳʷirr- 'cold'

Low East Cushitic: *ḳor(r)- 'intense cold' (?)

High East Cushitic: *ḳor(r)- 'cold' (?)

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1725

Proto-Semitic: *ḳʷirr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cold'

Hebrew: qor

Aramaic: qur-

Arabic: qurr-, qirr-

Geʕez (Ethiopian): qʷǝr

Tigre: ḳǝrur

Tigrai (Tigriñña): ḳʷärir adj.

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ḳor(r)-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'intense cold'

Oromo (Galla): qorra

Notes: A Semitism?

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *ḳor(r)-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cold'

Sidamo: qorre

Notes: A Semitism?

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xq̇HwV̆rdV́

Meaning: winter

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: PL *q̇Iort:(a) 'winter'

Yenisseian: *gǝte

Comments and references : KS 208, LDC 27.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *gǝte

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: winter

Ket: kъ̄ti¹ (Kur.); Bak. kъ̄tǝ¹; South. kъ̄t

Yug: kъ̄t

Kottish: kēti, g. kētī, pl. kētaŋ, kētān; ketě (Бол.)

Arin: ЛОТЪ (Лоск.) "winter" - a writing slip instead of КОТЪ?

Comments: ССЕ 227. Not quite clear is the relationship of Pump. (Сл., Срсл.) kinčidin, (Кл.) kɨčidin "cold" (Срсл. n. "стужа"): the Pump. form points rather to *-s-, but a palatalisation of *-t- before a front vowel is also not excluded. Werner 1, 475 - misquoting my reconstruction (*kǝte instead of *gǝte).

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