Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *toɣa-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to pay attention, take into account 2 number, count

Russian meaning: 1 обращать внимание на что-л., считаться с чем-л. 2 число, счет

Written Mongolian: toɣa-, toɣaɣa- (L 814) 1, toɣa(n) 2 (L 813)

Middle Mongolian: to'an (HY 44), to'a (SH) 2, to'a- 'to count' (SH), tula- 'to count', tun 2 (MA 311, 316)

Khalkha: tō- 1, tō 2

Buriat: tō- 1, tō(n) 2

Kalmuck: tō- 1, tō 2

Ordos: tō- 1, tō 2

Dongxian: tolu- 'to count' (Тод. Дн.)

Dagur: tō 2 (Тод. Даг. 167, MD 226), tuāle 'to count' (MD 226) tōše- 1

Shary-Yoghur: tūn 2

Monguor: tō (SM 424) 2

Mogol: toa 2 (Ramstedt 1906)

Comments: KW 404, MGCD 636, TMN 1, 261. Mong. > Oyr. tō, Man. ton (see Doerfer MT 139, Rozycki 211). A probable derivative is WMong. tuɣurbi- , Khalkha tūrvi-, Kalm. tūrẃǝ- 'to compile, consider, plan'.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`ògà ( ~ -u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to see, beware

Russian meaning: видеть, обращать внимание

Mongolian: *toɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *tuga- (~ -b-)

Japanese: *tàkù-

Comments: The etymology was first proposed in fact by Vullers 1855, but rejected by Doerfer (TMN 1, 263) without due discussion.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tuga- (~ -b-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to see 2 to check 3 to beware

Russian meaning: 1 видеть 2 проверять 3 остерегаться

Even: tewuŋči- 3

Spoken Manchu: tā- 1 (173)

Literary Manchu: tuwa- 1

Jurchen: tonǯu-lar (804) 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 203, 226.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *tàkù-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to plan, consider

Russian meaning: планировать, обдумывать

Old Japanese: takum-

Middle Japanese: tàkùm-

Tokyo: takurám-

Kyoto: tákúrám-

Kagoshima: tàkùràm-

Comments: JLTT 762.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *tVjḳV

Meaning: show, point at

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *deik'-

Altaic: *tū́jk`ú (cf. also *t`ògà )

Uralic: *täkkV

Kartvelian: ? *ṭq̇w-

Eskimo-Aleut: *takuv-

References: ND 2257 *tiḳ[ü] 'to show' (IE + diff. Alt., diff. Kartv. + Gz., Ngz.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *deik'e-, -g'-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to show

Hittite: tekkussai- (I) 'zeigen, präsentieren' (Friedrich 220)

Old Indian: dídeṣṭi, diśáti, ptc. diṣṭá- `to point out, show'; diṣṭi- f. `direction, prescription'; diś- f. `quarter or region pointed at, direction', diśā f. `direction, region', deśá- m. `point, region, part'; deśinī f. `the index or forefinger'

Avestan: daēs- `zeigen; jemandem etwas zuweisen, zusprechen'

Old Greek: déi̯knǖmi, dei̯knǘō (kret. diknüti), aor. dêi̯ksai̯, pf. med. dédei̯gmai̯ `zeigen'; dêi̯ksi-s; dêi̯gma `Probe, Warenhalle', dei̯ktḗrio-n `Schauplatz', déi̯ktǟ-s nomen agentis; déi̯kelo-n `изображение'; ari-déi̯keto- `ausgezeichnet' (Hom.+); díkǟ f. `Weise, Sitte, Recht, Rechts-verhandlung, -sache, Strafe'

Baltic: *teîg- (-ja-) vb., *taig-ā̂- vb.

Germanic: *tī́x-a- vb., *tīg-n-á- m., *tix-t-i- c., etc.; *taik-n-a- m., n., *taik-n-i- c.

Latin: dīcō (OLat -ei-), -ere, dīxī (OLat -ei-), dictum `sprechen, aussprechen, verkündigen, reden, singen; festsetzen, bestimmen; (er)nennen', dictāre `wiederholt sagen, diktieren, befehlen'; dicāre `feierlich verkünden'; dictiō, -ōnis f. `Aussprechen, Redeweise, Rede', dicāx, -cis `redegewand t, witzig'; causi-dicus `Sachwalter'; index, -icis m. `Anzeiger, Angeber'; iūdex `Richter'; diciō, -ōnis f. `Gewalt, Botmässigkeit, Gerichtsbarkeit'; dicis causā `um dem Scein des Rechts zu genügen; nur zur Form'

Other Italic: Osk deíkum, deicum `dicere', deicans `dicant', dicust `dixerit'; dadíkatted `dedicavit', Umbr tikamne `*dicamine, dedicatione'; teitu, deitu `dicitō'; dersicust `dixerit', tic̨el `dedicatio',

Russ. meaning: показывать, указывать (на нарушение закона)

References: WP I 776 f

Comments: Baltic has a contamination with the root *teik-.

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *teîg- (-ja-) vb., *taig-ā̂- vb.

Meaning: tell, say

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Old Lithuanian: tieg 3 sg. 'inquit'

Lithuanian: téigti (/teĩgti) (-gia; prt. -gē) 'erzählen, sagen; behaupten, bestätigen, zu beeinflussen suchen'; taigṓti

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *tī́xan- vb., *tīgná-z, *tixti- etc.; *taikna-z, -n, *taikni-z

Meaning: show

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *ga-tīhan st. `announce, tell'; taikn n. (a), taikn-s f. (i) `token'; *taiknjan wk. `show, manifest'

Old Norse: tjā wk. `zeigen, mitteilen'; ptc. tīgin-n `vornehm', tī̆gn f. `Ehre, Rang, Stand', NIsl, Far tīgn; teikna wk. `Zeichen geben, bezeichnen'; teikn n. `Zeichen'

Norwegian: te vb.; teikn

Swedish: te vb.; tecken

Danish: te vb.; tegn

Old English: tiht `Anklage'; tēon `anzeigen, verkündigen'; tǟcan `lehren'; tāc(e)n `Zeichen, Wunder, Beweiss'

English: teach; token

Old Frisian: tīgia; tēken

Old Saxon: af-tīhan `versagen'; tēkan

Middle Dutch: tien (teech; gheteghen) `iets van iemand zeggen, toeschrijven, beschuldigen'; beticht `beschuldigen'; tēken, teiken, tēkijn, teikijn

Dutch: aan-, op-, betijgen; betichten; teken m., dial. teiken

Old Franconian: teikin, teican

Middle Low German: tīen (ptc. tīgen); tēken

Old High German: in-, bi-ziht `Anklage'; zīhan `an-, beschuldigen' (9.Jh.); zeihhan `Merkmal, Sinnbild, Sternbild, Vorzeichen, Symbol, Wunder'; zeigōn (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: zīhen st. 'aussagen von, zeigen, beschuldigen'; verziht st. f. 'entsagung, verzichtleistung'; zeichen st. n. 'zeichen, anzeichen, beispiel u. dgl.'; zeigen wk. 'zeigen, deuten'

German: Verzicht m.; zeihen; Zeichen n.; zeigen

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1879

Proto: *täkkV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to look, observe

German meaning: schauen, betrachten

Khanty (Ostyak): täɣǝn- (V Vj.) 'im Gedächtnis behalten, sich erinnern; Kenntnis haben; im Traum od. Rausch wahrnehmen und sich erinnern (sehen od. hören); vorhersagen', täɣǝntǝɣlǝ- (V) 'vorhaben, beabsichtigen, sich anschicken'

Hungarian: tekint- 'blicken, schauen; für etw. ansehen, als etw. betrachten'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ṭq̇w-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: узнать, заметить

English meaning: to recognize, notice

Georgian: ṭq̇v-

Megrel: ṭq̇v-, ṭq̇u-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 184, EWK 338.

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *takuv-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to check out, to visit, to see

Russian meaning: проверять, навещать, смотреть

Proto-Yupik: *taku- (-jaʁ-)

Proto-Inupik: *taku- (-caʁ-), *takku-

Comments: Cf. *takviɣ-, *tak(u)vi-ɣ 'to see well, pupil of eye'.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 326

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *taku- (-jaʁ-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: guard, examination 1, to check out 2

Russian Meaning: осмотр, обход 1, проверять 2

Sirenik: takǝ́cǝkǝ̄́χtaʁá, //takuti- [Men., Rub.] 'to find out', takǝ- 'to come to' [Vakh.]

Chaplino: takí (t) 1, takwāqā 'to go to the certain place'

Naukan: takōqa 'to haunt, to visit'

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: taku- 2, taku(q)- 'presence, place in view' (used only with oblique case possessed endings), takujaʁ- 'to take alook at'

Central Alaskan Yupik: taku- 2, taku(q)- 'presence' (used only with locative possessed endings), takujaʁ- 'to look (at) sideways or over the shoulders'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 327

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *tạkų- (-caʁ-), *takku-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to check on 1, to visit 2, to see 3

Russian meaning: проверять 1, навещать 2, видеть, смотреть 3

Seward Peninsula Inupik: taɣu- 1, takku- 'presence' (with poss. endings)

SPI Dialects: Imaq táɣurāɣa 2

North Alaskan Inupik: taku- 2, 1, takku- 'presence' (with poss. endings)

Western Canadian Inupik: taku- 3

WCI Dialects: Cor, M takoɣa* 3, Sig takusaq- 'to stare at'

Eastern Canadian Inupik: taku- 3, takku- 'presence, sight', takusaq- 'to turn or rise to see'

Greenlandic Inupik: taku- (takuvâ*) 3, takkut(i)- 'to show up', takku- (táko*) 'presence, sight' (with poss. endings), takusaʁ- 'to keep on eye on, to go to see'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 327

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVKV

Meaning : to look, show

Eurasiatic : *tVjḳV

Afroasiatic : *dag- (+ *dVgʷVl-) (ND *dVhg- 'look, stare' (Sem., Eg., Cush.)

Sino-Caucasian : ST *tuak ( ~ d-) 'consider, inspect'

Amerind (misc.) : *tuki 'eye; see' (R 229); *takʷ 'know' (R 415) [+ A]

African (misc.) : Bantu *-dàg- 'show'.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dag-

Meaning: think; know

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

East Chadic: *ḍVg- < *dVHVg- 'think'

Saho-Afar: *ḍ/dag- 'know, learn'

High East Cushitic: *da/eg- 'know'

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *ḍVg- < *dVHVg-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'think'

Kera: d̄ígí [Eb] ЧТО ЗА d ТАКОЕ?

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *ḍ/dag-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'know, learn'

Saho: -ḍi/e/ag-

Afar (Danakil): d/ḍag-

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *da/eg-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'know'

Kambatta: dag-,dɛg(i)-

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