Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *tVw

Meaning: hole

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *tǝw

Austroasiatic meaning: hole

Proto-Austronesian: *bi'tu (also *pin[t]u' door)

Austronesian meaning: hole, cavern, pitfall

Austronesian code: 4:64

Proto-Thai: tao.A

Thai meaning: hole in the ground for cooking; cf. also TP *tu^A door

References: Ben 273, Peiros 1998, 94, 97 (AN-Tai 'door')

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *tǝw

Meaning: hole

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: tao.A hole in the ground for cooking CK

Proto-Bahnaric: CHR ntu

Khmer: rǝṇtaw

Proto-Palaungic: *taɨʔ

Proto-Khmu: *tuʔ

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: rǝṇtaw

Meaning: hole, groove, small cave

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *taɨʔ

Meaning: hole

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *taɨʔ, S-

Proto-Plang: *taɨʔ

Proto-De'ang: *da:u

Riang: tuʔ.1

Riang meaning: hole, pit

Proto-Angku: *tu:, N- // *tuʔ, N-

Lamet: tu:ʔ.1 LmD

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa: *taɨʔ, S-

Meaning: hole

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: daɨʔ

Paraok meaning: hole, eye; inside

Wa: tauʔ

Wa meaning: hole

Ava: taiʔ, ka-

Lawa: toʔ

Lawa meaning: hole, opening

Um: toʔ

Wa (dial.): tǝʔ.1

Wa (dial.) meaning: cave

References: D-101: *kntɨʔ; P-13: *kɔtaʔ.1

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *taɨʔ

Meaning: cave, hole

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: tɨʔ.1

Bulang meaning: cave

Konto: taʔ.B.1, kɔ-

Konto meaning: hole

Samtao (Paulsen): tǝʔ.1

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: hole

Samtao (Diffloth): tɨʔ, k-

Samtao (Diffloth) meaning: hole

References: P-13: *kɔtaʔ.1

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *da:u

Meaning: cave

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: YN: kǝta:u so:r

De'ang-1: kada:u

De'ang-2: katɛ:u.2

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *tu:, N-

Meaning: hole

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: dhu.51

Shuangdiang: dhu.51

Gantang: thu.31

Mang'an: nthu.51

U: nthu.1

Huq: thu.33 mal.55

Notes: or *tuʔ, N- if T of VIII is wrong

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVWV

Meaning : to dig, hole

Afroasiatic : *hut- (+ *taw/y- 'hoe')

Sino-Caucasian : *=ǟtwV

Austric : PAA *tǝw 'hole', PAN *bi'tu 'hole, cavern, pitfall', Tai *tao 'hole in the ground for cooking'.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hut-

Meaning: dig

Egyptian: htht 'dig' (BD)

Western Chadic: *Hat- 'dig out'

Central Chadic: *hwat- 'dig'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: htht

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'dig' (BD)

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *Hat-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'dig out'

Dera=Kanakuru: átè [NmK]

Bokos: fos 2 [JgR]

Sha: fos 2 [JgR]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *hwat-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'dig' 1, 'hoeing' 2

Mofu-Gudur: -hwáhut- 1[BMof]

Gude: hwátǝ́-hwátá 2 [Hs]

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ǟtwV

Meaning: to beat, dig

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ǟtwV

Sino-Tibetan: *thuH (~-iwH)

Comments and references : In PST cf. also *dhǝw `to stick into, hurt'. [Cf. *=ĭṭV, *=āṭwV, *=adV].

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ǟtwV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to beat, to hit

Proto-Nakh: *ʔāt-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=itʷ-

Proto-Tsezian: *=etʷ- A

Proto-Lak: =u=ta-

Proto-Dargwa: *=it-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔätʷa- / *ʔatʷa-

Proto-Khinalug: it-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The root is preserved in most languages, but sometimes with a modified meaning (notably in Aand-Tsez.: 'to throw (oneself upon) > to fly'). Cf. also Urart. at- 'to destroy' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 24).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʔāt-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to crush, pound

Chechen: āt-

Ingush: āt-

Batsbi: at-

Comments: With Ablaut and the preverb *l- cf. also PN *l-ēt- 'to fight' (Chech. lēt-, Ing. let-, Bacb. let-).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=itʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to fly 2 to run 3 to fall; to rush upon

Avar: =ort- 3

Akhvakh: =et- 2

Chamalal: =et- 1

Tindi: =etʷ- 1

Karata: ertan- 1

Comments: In Av. and Kar. there is an infixed -r- (old durative); origins of the -n-conjugation in Kar. are unclear. The original meaning was probably 'to beat, attack' > 'rush upon' > 'fly' (cf. the external evidence).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=etʷ- A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to fly

Khvarshi: =etʷ-

Inkhokvari: =etʷ-

Comments: PTsKh *=etʷ- (may be borrowed from Andian).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =u=ta-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to throw, to pound, to chop

Lak form: =u=ta-n

Comments: G. pr. =u=tu-n. Cf. Khosr. =u=ta-n id., and also the durative ta-la-n 'to fight'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=it-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to beat

Akusha: =it-es

Chiragh: =it-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =it- 'to beat'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔätʷa- / *ʔatʷa-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to beat 2 to smear 3 to crush

Lezghian: g-ata- 1

Tabasaran: k-at- 2

Agul: uta- 1 (Bursh.)

Rutul: =äta- 1

Tsakhur: g-e=ta- 1

Kryz: =ät- 1

Budukh: at- 1

Archi: =āta- 3

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. pret. g-ata-na, Tab. Düb. j-at- 'beat', k-at- 'touch' ( > 'smear' in literary Tab.), Ag. Tp. ata-s 'beat', Bud. q:-ut- 'to hit (repeatedly)', Rut. k-ä=ta- 'to touch' ( = Tab. k-at-), s-ä=ta= 'to throw'. Labialisation of PL *-tʷ- is suggested by the Arch. durative form =artu-r. Not clear are the reasons for *a/ä vowel alternation. The verb belongs to the weak conjugation in PL.

    See Лексика 1971, 244.

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *thuH (~-iwH)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dig

Burmese: tuh dig, LB *tux.

Kachin: thu² to dig.

Lushai: tuʔ hoe (LS), KC *tuʔ.

Kiranti: *dhǝ́

Comments: Dimasa -du; Namsangia thu-; Rawang du; Trung du². Sh. 48, 404, 427; Ben. 62; Mat. 180. Cf. *tīw(H) 'carve' (the roots may be related).

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *dhǝ́

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: dig

Sunwar: 'do-ca

Tulung: da-, dha-

Kaling: dhönä (dhɔŋɔ) dig, carve (a figure, design)

Limbu: tɔmā (tɔju)

Dumi: dhunɨ

Kulung: dɔma

Yamphu: to:ma

Comments: Toba 89 *dhö-.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: tɔ:maʔ, -tɔy-/-tɔ:-

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt.

Meaning: dig up

Comments: khe: tɔyuN I dig up white yam.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: dhunɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vt-6a dha-dhuy/dhu-dhɨ-dho

Meaning: (only with third singular patient agreement) dig (e.g. a hole)

Nepali: khannu

Comments: cf. koknɨ.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: dɔma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt-8 [1: dɔi- 2: dɔ- 3: dǝi- 4: dǝ- 5: dui- 6: du- 7: da- 8: dɔk-]

Meaning: dig

Nepali: khannu.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: to:ma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <to:s- ; to:->

Grammar: v.intr. & v.tr.

Meaning: to dig, to dig up, to dig a deep hole.

Nepali: khannu

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