Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *š:äm

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 road metal 2 sand

Lezghian: šim 1

Tabasaran: šim 1

Agul: šim 1

Rutul: šim 1

Kryz: ? šin-ʁɨl 1

Udi: ša 2

Comment: Cf. also Rut. Ams. šim 'small stone', Ag. Bursh. š:im. The Kryz. form raises doubts (suffixation is unclear); cf. also the Khin. loan čɨnʁɨl with unclear (archaic?) č-. 4th class in Kryz. and Rut. Judging from the Udi form (reflecting *ä), the original paradigm had been dir. *š:äm, obl. *š:imV-; in most languages the former oblique base became direct.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *č_ä̆mpV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sand, road metal

Proto-Nakh: *čim

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *š:ibi

Proto-Lak: š:ama

Proto-Lezghian: *š:äm

Proto-Khinalug: šum

Notes: Reconstructed for PEC. Correspondences are regular (except the vowel in Lak.: š:ama instead of š:ima. Perhaps the Lak. form reflects *č_wä̆mpV with assimilative labialisation).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *čim

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 ashes 2 snow-flake

Chechen: čim 1,2

Batsbi: čim 1

Comments: Obl. base *čima- (Chech. čima-). 5th class in Chech., 6th class in Bacb.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *š:ibi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 round stone, boulder 2 a fastening stone on roof

Akhvakh: s:ibi 1

Tindi: š:ibi 2

Lak etymology :

Lak root: š:ama

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: road metal

Lak form: š:ama

Comments: Cf. Khosr. š:amā id.

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *čä̆́mpV ( ~ *št-)

Meaning: sand; dirt

North Caucasian: *č_ä̆mpV

Sino-Tibetan: *Ćim (~ -em)

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Ćim (~ -em)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mud, marsh

Tibetan: ãʒ́im a compound of earth and water, mud, clay, loam.

Burmese: ćimʔ marsh, swamp.

Comments: Sh. 67. Here perhaps Ao Naga *li-sem 'sand'.

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