Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔawχ:(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 gutter 2 ditch, drain 3 slope; breast

Agul: aχʷ 1

Rutul: waχ 2 (Khniukh.)

Archi: χ:ʷa

Udi: aqI 3

Comment: The Arch. form χ:ʷa means 'part of the mountain bordered with growth'. Cf. also Ag. Bursh. aχʷ 'wood, forest'. All the different meanings in Lezg. languages can be explained by the original meaning "mountain slope" > a) "woody place, wood, forest"; b) "slope > drain, ditch". The Arch. form probably reflects a former locative (in *-aʔ) with initial reduction.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʡăwq_V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mountain slope

Proto-Nakh: *ħabχV

Proto-Lak: jaq

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔawχ:(a)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ħabχV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: shady slope of a mountain

Chechen: ħäwχē

Ingush: ħowχe

Comments: The Chech.-Ing. form contains a locative suffix -ē.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: jaq

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mountain slope

Lak form: jaq

Comments: Gen. pl. jaq-urdil. Cf. also Khosr. jaq 'heap, mound'. Lak. > Darg. Chir. jaqʷ 'heap'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʡá̆[x]qVwV

Meaning: mountain, hill

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʡăwq_V

Sino-Tibetan: *khʷɨ

Yenisseian: *qäʔj

Burushaski: *qhū

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *khʷɨ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hill, mound

Chinese: 丘 *khʷǝ hill, mound.

Lushai: kô a mound, a bank.

Lepcha: khu mountain

Kiranti: *ku ( ~ gh-)

Chinese characters :

Character: 丘

Modern (Beijing) reading: qīu

Preclassic Old Chinese: khʷǝ

Classic Old Chinese: khwǝ

Western Han Chinese: khǝw

Eastern Han Chinese: khǝw

Early Postclassic Chinese: khiw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khǝw

Late Postclassic Chinese: khǝw

Middle Chinese: khǝw

English meaning : hill

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Shijing occurrences: 37.1, 54.3, 58.1_

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 120

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 丘

MC description : 流開三平尤溪

ZIHUI: 8002 1601

Beijing: ćhiou 11

Jinan: ćhiou 11

Xi'an: ćhiou 11

Taiyuan: ćhiou 1

Hankou: ćhiou 11

Chengdu: ćhiǝu 11

Yangzhou: ćhiôɨ 11

Suzhou: ćhiöy 11

Wenzhou: ćhiau 11

Changsha: ćhiôu 11

Shuangfeng: ćhiû 11

Nanchang: ćhiu 11

Meixian: khiu 11

Guangzhou: jau 11

Xiamen: khiu 11

Chaozhou: khu 11

Fuzhou: khieu 11

Shanghai: ćhiɨ 1

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *ku ( ~ gh-)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: mountain

Sunwar: rõ-gu rock, cliff

Limbu: thegu 'mountain'

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: thɛgu

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: mountain, peak.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qäʔj

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mountain (wooded)

Ket: qaʔj, pl. qaŋńeŋ⁵

Yug: xaʔj, pl. xaŋńeŋ⁵; xaj-tɨl^5,6 'small hill'

Kottish: xei, khei, pl. xējaŋ "Axtrücken, Messerrücken"; xēlēx, khēlēg, pl. xēlētn "Bergrücken" ( = Koib. (Мес.) gijlin 'mountain')

Arin: ena-háj (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "forest" [pine-forest?]

Pumpokol: kónnoŋ (Сл., Срсл.) "mountain"

Comments: ССЕ 256-257. For Yug Castren also gives (together with xai, qai ( = xaʔj) 'косогор') xei, qei 'mountain ridge': it is most likely a Kottish form misplaced. Similarly, in the "Сравнительный Словарь" we find an obviously Yug form xaj, together with the Pumpokol proper kónnoŋ 'mountain' (originally a plural form, cf. Ket qaŋńeŋ). Pump. kónnoŋ (despite Helimski КС 249) should be distinguished from Kott. hanaŋ 'shore', which - as rightly pointed out by the author - is a Uralism (Selk. qanɨŋ, Khant. χonǝŋ 'shore'). Werner 2, 78-79.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *qhū

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: upper part of mountain

Hunza: qhū́

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVWV

Meaning : stone, mountain

Eurasiatic : *kiwV

Afroasiatic : *ʔVkoʔ- ( + Sem. *kwħ?)

Sino-Caucasian : *ʡá̆[x]qVwV

Austric : PAA *koh / *gɔ 'island, hill'

Amerind (misc.) : ? *hakʷa 'stone' (R 697) [+ A]

African (misc.) : ?? Bantu *-gùè 'stone'.

Notes : PAA may be < ST.

Reference : ND 968.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kiwV

Meaning: stone

Borean: Borean

Uralic: kiwe

Kartvelian: *kwa-

Dravidian: *kō(v)-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ɣъv- 'stone'

References: МССНЯ 343, ОСНЯ 1, 298; ND 968 *kiw(V)ħE 'stone'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 325

Proto: *kiwe

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: stone

German meaning: Stein

Finnish: kivi (gen. kiven) 'Stein'

Estonian: kivi (gen. kivi, kive)

Mordovian: kev, käv (E), kev (M)

Mari (Cheremis): kü (KB U), küj (B)

Udmurt (Votyak): ke̮ (S), kȯ (K), ke̮ (G) 'Mühlstein'

Komi (Zyrian): iz-ki (S)

Khanty (Ostyak): köɣ (V), kew (DN O) 'Stein'

Mansi (Vogul): küw (TJ), käw (KU P), kaw (So.)

Hungarian: kő (acc. követ)

Sammalahti's version: *kiwi

Yukaghir parallels: šäu, χäi 'Stein'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *kwa-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: камень

English meaning: stone

Georgian: kwa-

Megrel: kua

Laz: kwa-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 197, EWK 375-376. Иллич-Свитыч (ОСНЯ 1, 298) сравнивает с урал. *kiwe 'камень' и восстанавливает ностр. *kiwi. Аналогичное сравнение см. Бомхард 1996, 169.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kō(v)-

Meaning : up, high; mountain

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kō

Proto-Telugu : *kō-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kov- (?)

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kō

Meaning : mountain

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kō

Tamil meaning : mountain

Number in DED : 2178

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kō-

Meaning : a Khond, man of a certain hilltribe

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kōdu

Dialectal forms (1) : kōduvā̃ḍu

Additional forms : Also kōya name of a certain tribe of mountaineers

Number in DED : 2178

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kov- (?)

Meaning : high, up

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *koj-

Konda : kūbi

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kui

Notes : This root, which encapsulates the self-naming of many Dravidian tribes, is extremely hard to reconstruct. Besides the differences in vocalism, the inlaut consonant is very hard to determine; especially since some of the etyma may be borrowed (thus, kūbi is not the self-naming of Konda speakers themselves, but of Konda Dora dialect speakers). The root itself seems to be an old derivative of the word for 'mountain', in Tamil kō: this form points rather to a PGn variant *kov-.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *koj-

Meaning : Gond; Koya

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : koitur (pl. kōītōṛk) "a Gond male"

Gommu Gondi : koy "Gond man"

Koya Gondi : koytanḍ (pl. koytaṛ) "Koya man"

Yeotmal Gondi : koy "Gond man"

Chindwara Gondi : koya "Gond man"

Adilabad Gondi : koya "(SR) Gond man"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Tr fem. kōītāṛ

Number in DED : 2178

Number in CVOTGD : 913

Konda etymology :

Konda : kūbi

Meaning: the Konḍa Dora (the speakers of this language)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 2178

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kui

Meaning : up; west

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kūi "the Kond tribe or language"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kūviŋa "the Parja Khonds"

Kuwi (Schulze) : kui "up, above, west"

Additional forms : Also Kui kūenju a Kond man or boy, fem. kūali; kui above, aloft, over; kuiki to the place above; kuiṭi from the place above; Kuwi_S kūita in the west

Notes : The word's structure is unique (no other cases of PK *ui), and the derivation process in Kui (kui 'above' - kūi 'those who are above') suspiciously reminds of Sanskrit vrddhi, although it's just a thought.

Number in DED : 2178

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ɣъv, *-ъvɣъ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): камень

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ɣъbɣъ-n, *ɣъb ", *-ъɣbъ-n

Proto-Itelmen: *wa-, *koɣʷ(a), -wăn

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ɣъbɣъ-n, *ɣъb ", *-ъɣbъ-n

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): камень

Chukchee: wúkwǝ-n, wǝ́kwǝ-n, wuu-, -kwǝ-n (II)

Koryak: wǝwwǝ-n, -wwǝ-n (II), wǝww-en poss.

Palan: ɣǝvɣǝ-n, ɣǝw- (II), ɣǝvɣ-en poss., ɣeŋ-vɣ-o pl. 'грузило'

Alutor: ɣǝv-ɣǝv ", ɣǝv-uwwi pl., -wwǝ-n

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *'wa-, *koɣʷ(a), -wăn

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): камень

Itelmen: wa-č, wa-ɣal coll. 1, pna-wen 2, wa-te-kes 3

Itelmen meaning: камень 1, точильный камень 2, окаменеть 3, каменистый 4

West Itelmen: va-č [u̯ač*] (va-n pl., va-'an poss.) 1, van 2, va-'al coll. 3, va'aĺ-an adj. 4, faĺ-an pna-van 5

West Itelmen meaning: lapis 1, onus 2, saxum 3, ferreus 4, serra 5

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): kamień 1, ciężar, balast 2, skaɫa 3, żelazny 4, piɫa 5 (< 'ножевой точильный камень')

South Itelmen: ŭa-n ['uva-ču*] (ŭa-d pl.) 1, vata-rat pl. (coll.) 2

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): lapis 1, rupes, saxa 2

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): kamień 1, skaɫy 2

Number in Volodin 1976: 28, 29, 126, 125, 93

Stebnitsky reference: 91

Comments: Отмеченная kow представляет собой развитие стаpого анлаутного ваpианта основы *ɣǝv-, остальные фоpмы отpажают стаpый медиальный ваpиант с сочетанием *-ǝɣvǝ-. Зап. камч. ̊wapk'ol является сложением, где вторая часть восходит к слову 'нож для выделки', и скорее значило 'камень для ножа'. В юж. камч. vata-rat представляет собой образование с помощью аффикса coll. -rat от формы множественного числа va-t(a).

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVkoʔ-

Meaning: stone

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Egyptian: ỉkw (ME) 'quarry'

Central Chadic: *kwaʔ- 'stone'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ỉkw (ME)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'quarry'

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kwaʔ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'stone'

Mafa=Matakam: kwa [BaMaf]

Nzangi: kwoʔo [Kr N 141]

Buduma=Yedina: kaw [LBud]

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *Ko

Meaning: island

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *koh / *gɔ

Austroasiatic meaning: island

Proto-Thai: ko.A island

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *koh / *gɔ

Meaning: island

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: ko.A island

Proto-Katuic: *koh

Khmer: kaoh

Proto-Monic: OM tkoʔ, tkaʔ IV?

Proto-Khmu: *gɔh E?

References: S-166

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *koh

Meaning: hill

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *koh

Proto-East Katuic: *koh / *kɔh

References: P-225; TK1.20; TK1.35a

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *koh

Meaning: hill

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: kɔh

Bru Van Keu meaning: mountain

So: koh.N

So meaning: mountain

Bru: kɔh.N

Bru meaning: land (as oppose to sea)

Sou: kɔh

Kui: kâh.N

Kui meaning: jungle

Kuay: kâh.N

Kuay meaning: forest, woods

Ngeu: pǝkɔh.N

Ngeu meaning: forest, woods

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *koh / *kɔh

Meaning: hill

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: koh.T

Pakoh meaning: mountain

Taojh: koh.T

Taojh meaning: mountain (PT-183)

Lao Katu: ku:h V?

Lao Katu meaning: stony ground

Ngeq: koh

Ngeq meaning: mountain

Kri: kɔh

Chatong: kɔh

Kantu dialects: kɔh

Dakkan dialects (1): kɔh

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: kaoh

Meaning: island

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic:

Meaning: island

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: tkaʔ, lkaʔ

Old Mon: tkoʔ, tkaʔ

Middle Mon: tkoʔ, tkaʔ

References: S-166

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