Lezghian etymology : List with all references

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔarq̇I:ä-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to see 2 to watch, look 3 to be found

Tabasaran: raqI:- 1

Agul: raqI:a- 1 (Bursh)

Rutul: g-a=q:a- 2

Kryz: irq- 1

Budukh: irq- 1

Udi: b-aʁIa-jesun 3

Comment: The Kryz. and Bud. form reflect the PL Ablaut grade *ʔirq̇I:ä-; the Auslaut *ä is reconstructed on basis of Ag. (Bursh. raqI:a-s) and Rut. (g-aq:a-s, pl. ga-q:e-s). Not quite clear is the loss of pharyngealization in Rut. See Хайдаков 1973, 121.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=Hārq̇_V(n)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to see, to find

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɨ̃q-

Proto-Dargwa: *=ahI-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔarq̇I:ä-

Proto-Khinalug: zaʁ-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Both PL and PD reflect also the Ablaut grade *=Hirq̇_V(n). Reasons for conjugation variation (-0 and -n) are not yet clear. Cf. also Hurr. tiɣ-an- (causative) 'to show' ( < PHU *tiχ-), where t- reflects *r (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 29).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɨ̃q-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to find

Bezhta: =ĩq- (Tlad.)

Gunzib: =ɨ̃q-

Comments: PGB *=ɨ̃q-.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=ahI-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: see

Akusha: če=iʔ-

Chiragh: =aIh-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =aʔ-/=iʔ-. In Chir. the verb has the dur. stem =alhI-, fut. =arhI- and belongs to the -n-conjugation; thus the precise nature of the PD paradigm is not yet clear (in particular, not clear are reasons for the loss of the Inlaut resonant -r- in most forms).

Khinalug etymology :

Khinalug root: zaʁ-

North Caucasian etymology: 87

Meaning: to see

Khinalug form: zaʁi

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=Hā́rq̇Vn

Meaning: to see

North Caucasian: *=Hārq̇_V(n)

Sino-Tibetan: *qēn

Burushaski: *-ɣán

Basque: *e=ku-śi

Comments and references : WFR 120.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qēn

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: see, look, know

Chinese: 見 *kēns see, apprehend (cf. also gēns appear).

Tibetan: mkhjen to know, understand.

Lushai: en to look, look at, glance.

Comments: Cf. PAA *KVń 'think'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 見

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: kēns

Classic Old Chinese: kēnh

Western Han Chinese: kjānh

Eastern Han Chinese: kiānh

Early Postclassic Chinese: kiḕn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kiḕn

Late Postclassic Chinese: kiḕn

Middle Chinese: kìen

English meaning : to see, look at; see someone, have an audience; receive in audience

Russian meaning[s]: 1) видеть, увидеть, заметить; воспринимать, ощущать (органами зрения, слуха и обоняния); 2) навестить, посетить; принять (гостя); 3) взгляды, воззрения; мнение, понимание, концепция; 4) быть замеченным, быть в поле зрения; 5) оказаться, очутиться; 6) формант пассива; 7) стать; дойти до...; пойти на...; постепенно становиться; [xiàn] появиться; обнаружить(ся), показать(ся), проявить(ся); быть налицо; теперь, ныне, вм. 現

Shuowen gloss: 視也.從目几.凡見之屬皆從見. [407]

Comments: Also read *gēns (see 現). Viet. kén 'to choose, select' ( < 'to look'?) is possibly an early loan; regular Sino-Viet. is kiến.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 147

Four-angle index: 7411

Karlgren code: 0241 a-d

Vietnamese reading: kén

Jianchuan Bai: -kẽ2

Shijing occurrences: 10.1, 10.2, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 42.1, 58.1

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Chinese Dialects :

Number: 450

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 見

MC description : 山開四去霰見

ZIHUI: 6015 1856

Beijing: ćian 3

Jinan: ćiã 3

Xi'an: ćiã 3

Taiyuan: ćiɛ 3

Hankou: ćian 3

Chengdu: ćian 3

Yangzhou: ćî̃ 3

Suzhou: ćî 31

Wenzhou: ći 31

Changsha: ćiẽ 31

Shuangfeng: ćî̃ 31

Nanchang: ćiɛn 31

Meixian: kian 3

Guangzhou: kin 31

Xiamen: kian 31 (lit.); kĩ 31

Chaozhou: kĩ 31

Fuzhou: kieŋ 31

Shanghai: ćî 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: kien 3