Brahui etymology :

Brahui : nan

Meaning : night

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 3621

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ńāḷ-

Meaning : night

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *naḷ-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *ńāḷ

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *nāḷ-

Brahui : nan

Notes : Unexplainable shortness in Tamil; one should also note the feeble position of the root in SDR (dialectal Tamil form with unexplainable vowel shortness).

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *naḷ-

Meaning : night

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : naḷ

Tamil meaning : night

Number in DED : 3621

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *ńāḷ

Meaning : night

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : āle

Naikri : āḷe

Naiki : ālen

Parji : nendu nal "midnight"

Additional forms : Also Kolami ālini in the morning; ālintanaṭ from morning; Naikri āṛeni early in the morning; Naiki arda ālen midnight; Parji āṇḍ- evening to come on; āṇḍek evening; in the evening; āṇḍpip- (āṇḍpit-) to make to become evening (i.e. stay until evening)

Number in DED : 3621

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *nāḷ-

Meaning : night

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : nāṛa

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *nāl-aŋ

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *nāl-ʔaŋ-

Notes : The loss of retroflex articulation in PPM and PK is strange; it may be ascribed to the development *-ḷŋ- > *-lŋ-, or *-ḷʔ- > *-l/ʔ/-.

Konda etymology :

Konda : nāṛa

Meaning: (Sova dial.) night

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda sir naṛŋe just early in the morning

Number in DED : 3621

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *nāl-aŋ

Meaning : night

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : nāṇa

Manda : nālaŋ "darkness, night"

Additional Forms : Also Pengo nāṇaŋge, nāṛihiŋ early in the morning; Manda nālihiŋ early in the morning

Number in DED : 3621

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *nāl-ʔaŋ-

Meaning : night

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : nāḍangi

Khuttia Kui : ḍā'aŋa

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : la'anga

Kuwi (Schulze) : lāanga

Sunkarametta Kuwi : la'aŋa

Parja Kuwi : la'a

Dongriya Kuwi : lāl'aŋa

Kuwi (Israel) : lāʔa

Additional forms : Also Kui ḍāangi night; nāḍisi morning

Number in DED : 3621

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *lVlV

Meaning: night

Borean: Borean

Altaic: ? OT još 'twilight'

Uralic: ? *ilV 'evening' ( < *illV?)

Kartvelian: *lul-

Dravidian: *ńāḷ-

References: ND 1349 *ĺ/ḷayuĺ/ḷV 'to sleep; sleeping time'. Hegedűs 1990, 99 compares PU with PIE *alǝu̯os (Mann 14) and rather dubious SH and Kartv.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 149

Proto: *ilV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: evening

German meaning: Abend

Finnish: ilta 'Abend'

Mordovian: iĺät́ 'abends; Abend'

Khanty (Ostyak): itȧj (DN), ilȧ (O) 'Abend'

K. Reshetnikov's notes: Rédei doesn't accept the comparison with the Finn word: he rejects Collinder's hypothesis (presented in FUV) that historically il-ta is a partitive form of a word *ile-, which, in its turn, makes him repudiate this Finn etymology itself. However, even if Rédei is right denying the idea about the partitive, his final conclusion is premature, since the Finn word in question still may be a result of some derivational processes (cf., on the other hand, -t' in the Mord. cognate, which, true, is deemed to be identic with a productive temporal suffix).

References: FUV

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *lul-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: дремать, спать

English meaning: to dream, sleep

Georgian: lul-, rul-

Megrel: lur-, rul-

Laz: lir-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 123, EWK 222.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : LVLV

Meaning : night

Eurasiatic : *lVlV

Afroasiatic : *lVyl- 'night' (Sem., Cush.)

Sino-Caucasian : *ʔlēƛă

Austric : PAN *helek, PAA *lVk 'sleep'

African (misc.) : Bantu *-dáád- 'pass the night'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʔlēƛă

Meaning: night

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʔlēƛă

Sino-Tibetan: *rjăk

Basque: *iɫhu-n

Comments and references : LV A1.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔlēƛă

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: night

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *riƛo

Proto-Tsezian: *hũL

Proto-Lak: x:u

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔeʎ:a

Proto-West Caucasian: *ƛ:Vʎ:V

Notes: The PTs form is a contraction of the deictic particle *ho- (q.v.) + the expected reflex *lɨL > *rɨL (*ho-lɨL > *hulL > *hũL). In PWC the specific cluster *ʔl- developped into *ƛ, with a regular strengthening before a long vowel; the resulting *ƛ:VʎV (where -ʎ- regularly < *-ƛ-) developed into *ƛ:Vʎ:V through assimilation. Although superficially the EC and WC forms are very different, they are no doubt genetically related.

    Trubetzkoy (1922, 239) incorrectly compares the PA root with Lezg. jif (which in reality goes back to PEC *ɦnić_wV q.v.).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *riƛo

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 night 2 at night

Avar: reʎé-da 2

Andian language: reʎo 1

Akhvakh: raƛa 1

Chamalal: jeʎa 1

Tindi: reʎa 1

Karata: reʎa 1

Botlikh: reha 1

Bagvalal: reʎa 1

Godoberi: reʎa 1

Comments: Cf. also Bagv. Kvan. reha, Tlond. relha, Akhv. Tseg. raʎe, Cham. Gig. reʎa. Tind. > Khv., Inkh. reʎa id.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *hũL

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: yesterday

Tsezi: ħuʎ

Ginukh: huʎ / wuʎ

Khvarshi: hiʎ-χo (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: huni-ža

Bezhta: hũʎ (Tlad.)

Gunzib: hũl

Comments: PTsKh *hũL (Inkh. huni- < *hũli-); PGB *hũL (cf. also Bezht. Khosh. huʎ).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: x:u

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: night

Lak form: x:u

Comments: 4th class. Obl. base x:u-ni-. Historically this is most probably a result of reduction < *lVx:u (*lVʎ:u), cf. the archaic adverb lax:u 'yesterday'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔeʎ:a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 evening 2 late

Rutul: ɨxǝ 2 (Khniukh.)

Tsakhur: ex:a 1

Archi: ʎ:e-t:u-t 2

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ƛ:Vʎ:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: night

Abkhaz: á-c̣χ

Abaza: c̣χǝ

Adyghe: č́aš́ǝ

Kabardian: žaś

Ubykh: śǝśǝ́

Comments: PAT *cǝxǝ / *c̣ǝxǝ (cf. also Bz. á-cx, Abaz. (Гонов 1956) cǝχǝ); origin of the glottalised variant is not quite clear (all the related languages show no trace of glottalisation in this root). PAK *č:́aš:́ǝ́ (cf. Bzhed. č́aš:́ǝ). Ub. def. á-śǝś.

    In Ub. an assimilation has occurred: śǝśǝ < *ćǝśǝ. Otherwise the correspondences are quite regular and point to PWC laterals in both syllables.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rjak

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 24 hours, day / night

Chinese: 夕 *lhiak evening, night.

Tibetan: źag day, źogs morning.

Burmese: rak 24 hours, LB *rjakx night.

Kachin: jaʔ³ a day.

Lushai: riak (riaʔ) to stay the night.

Lepcha: ăjak 24 hours

Comments: Mantśati hrag 24 hours. Sh. 136; Ben. 48; Mat. 202.

Chinese characters :

Character: 夕

Modern (Beijing) reading: xì

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhiak

Classic Old Chinese: lhiak

Western Han Chinese: lhiak

Eastern Han Chinese: zhiak

Early Postclassic Chinese: zhjek

Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhjek

Late Postclassic Chinese: zhjek

Middle Chinese: zjek

English meaning : evening

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вечер; вечером; ночью; 2) накануне; канун

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 36

Four-angle index: 4149

Karlgren code: 0796 a-d

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *iɫhu-n

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dark 2 night

Araban: iluñ 1

Bizkaian: illun 1

Gipuzkoan: illun 1

High Navarrese: ilun, illun 1, 2

Low Navarrese: ilhun 2, (Aldude) 1

Salazarese: ilun 1, 2

Lapurdian: ilhun 1

Aezkoan: ilun 1

Zuberoan: ǘllhün 1

Roncalese: ulún 1

Comments: The phonetic development may have been PSC *ƛēʔlV > (pre-Bsq) *liɫhu-n > Bsq *iɫhu-n, with a dissimilation of laterals attested in other cases.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lVk

Meaning: sleep

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *lVk

Austroasiatic meaning: sleep

Proto-Austronesian: *helek

Austronesian meaning: sleep

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *lVk

Meaning: sleep

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Khmer: lɔk

Proto-Pearic: SON phic.C lak.C

Proto-Aslian: TEM sǝlɔg

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: lɔk

Meaning: to sleep, be asleep

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

References: JP287

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