Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *gīr_-

Meaning : line; to draw lines

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *gīr_-

Proto-Telugu : *gīr_-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gīr- (*-r_-)

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *gīr-

Notes : Unclear whether Central Dravidian forms are original or re-borrowed. PGn has *-r rather than *-r_, but it is based only on Konda evidence: gīr, and we cannot exclude the possibility of *-r_ > *-r in Konda. PN form is also probably re-borrowed or influenced by Tamil, because of initial *k-.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *gīr_-

Meaning : to scratch, draw lines

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kīr_u (kīr_i-)

Tamil meaning : to scratch, draw lines, scribble, write; n. scratch, mark, stroke, scrawl, writing

Tamil derivates : kīr_al scratching, marking, drawing lines, writing; kīr_r_u stroke, line, mark, stripe; kir_ukku (kir_ukki-) to scribble, write illegibly, cancel, score out; n. scribble, scoring out anything written; kir_ukkal scribbling, scoring out; (Tinn.) kīcu to scratch

Malayalam : kīr_u

Malayalam meaning : a stripe

Malayalam derivates : kīr_uka to scratch, draw lines; kir_ukka to erase, strike out; kīcukka to scratch (as fowls)

Kannada : gīr_u

Kannada meaning : to scratch, scrape, draw lines or streaks; n. a line, streak, stripe

Kannada derivates : kīr_u to scratch, scrape; gīṭu a line, stroke; gīku to scratch, scrape, etc.; gīcu id., to scrawl, scribble, draw a line or lines over with a pen; n. scratch, line made with a pen, scrawling; gīju to draw a line or lines over with a pen; kir_uku to scratch out, erase

Kodagu : gīc- (gīci-)

Kodagu meaning : to make a mark by scratching

Tulu : kīruni, gīruni

Tulu meaning : to scratch, wound slightly by the nails

Tulu derivates : kīrụ, gīrụ, gīru scratch, superficial wound; gīṭụ line, stroke, mark; gīcuni to scratch over with a pen, scrawl, draw lines; gerè a line, row, stroke

Proto-Nilgiri : *kīr (*-r_)

Miscellaneous : KOR (T) kīt- to scrape

Number in DED : 1623

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kīr (*-r_)

Meaning : a mark, line

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kīr

Number in DED : 1623

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *gīr_-

Meaning : to scratch, scrape, (K. also) comb with fingers

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : gīr_u

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : gir_upu "to pass fingers through (as feathers of a bird, etc.), pat, stroke"

Additional forms : Also gīruḍu scratching, scraping; [1] gīr_a, [2] gī̃ta stroke, line; gī̃ku to scratch, scrape, erase; [1] gīcu, [2] gīyu to scratch, scrape, draw (as a line on a surface); gīṭu line, mark, stroke; kīṭu layer, stratum, (B also) line, mark, stroke; [1] gir_uku, [2] giluku to scribble; jilugu a cursive hand or writing, illegibility; (K also) vb. to write letters illegibly without leaving spaces; (K) jīru to scratch, scrape; jīra line, streak, stripe; ger_a line

Number in DED : 1623

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gīr- (*-r_-)

Meaning : line, mark

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : kīra "stripe"

Naiki : khīr "line"

Parji : gīr

Poya Gadba : gīri "line"

Number in DED : 1623

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *gīr-

Meaning : line

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : gīr

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gīr-

Konda etymology :

Konda : gīr

Meaning: line (BB)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 1623

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gīr-

Meaning : line

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : gīra "line, mark, scrape"

Kuwi (Schulze) : lōki garri grīnai "to underline"

Tekriya Kuwi : giri

Kuwi (Israel) : gīra "line on the palm of the hand"

Notes : Kuwi_S grīnai < *gīr-inai.

Number in DED : 1623

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *gVrV

Meaning: to scratch

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *g'har(a)- / -e-

Altaic: *gi̯óro ( ~ -ŕ-)

Uralic: F.-Saam. *kirja 'line, sign, ornament'; cf. also *kurńa 'notch, furrow' ?

Dravidian: *gīr_-

References: ND 919 *kirV ~ *girV (incorr. Turk. + Drav. + IE + Berb.). Cf. *gVrVbV

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *g'har(a)- / -e-

Meaning: to scratch, to scrape

Old Indian: ghárṣati `to rub, brush, grind, crush' ?

Old Greek: kharássō, att. -ttō `spitzen, schärfen, ritzen, eingraben, stempeln, prägen', khárak-s, -akos m./f. `Spitzpfahl, Weinpfahl, Schutzpfahl, Pfahlwerk, Palissade'; kharádrǟ 'mountain-stream, torrent, which cuts itself a way down the mountain-side; the bed of such a stream, gully, ravine; wounds produed by scourging'

Baltic: *ǯer̃- vb. tr. (dila. ǯer̂-), *ǯer̃-t-uw-iā̃ f., *ǯar̃-s-t-ī̂- vb., *ǯir̂- vb. intr., *pa=ǯar̃-t-i- c.

Russ. meaning: царапать, скоблить

References: WP I 602

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *ǯer̃- vb. tr. (dila. ǯer̂-), *ǯer̃-t-uw-iā̃ f., *ǯar̃-s-t-ī̂- vb., *ǯir̂- vb. intr., *pa=ǯar̃-t-i- c.

Meaning: scrape, rake

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: žer̃ti (žẽria, žḗrē) 'glühende Kohlen zusammenscharren; streuen, schütten; vergraben, werfen; grob antworten; schnell gehen, fahren od. sonst etwas tun', ostlit. žérti, nužer̃ti 'wegwischen, -scharren', žertuvē̃ 'Aschenkasten; Gefäss zum Ausmachen der Glut', dial. žertùvē 'dass.'; žarstī́ti '(mehrfach) scharren, schüren; žìrti (žī̃ra/žìrsta, žìrō) 'streuend auseinenderfahren; funkeln'

Old Prussian: passortis V. 334 'Stange zum Feuerschüren'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯óro ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cut, carve, shear

Russian meaning: резать; измельчать, ломать

Mongolian: *gur-

Tungus-Manchu: *giri-

Japanese: *kár-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 288, Miller-Street 1975, 108ff (with a somewhat different distribution of roots). MKor. kằr-hằi- < *kǝ̀r-hằi- through assimilation (?). The root tends to contaminate with a number of similar roots: see *k`ĭ̀rka, *k`ĭ̀régV, *kìro.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *gur-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 carving 2 whetstone

Russian meaning: 1 резьба 2 точильный камень

Written Mongolian: ɣorbi 1, ɣuranǯu 2 (L 369)

Khalkha: gurvi 1, guranʒ 2

Buriat: guŕba 1

Kalmuck: guŕwǝ, goŕwǝ 1

Comments: KW 152, 156.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *giri-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cut out

Russian meaning: вырезать

Evenki: gir-

Even: gịr-

Negidal: gī-, gịj-

Literary Manchu: giri-

Ulcha: Gịrị-

Orok: Gịrị-

Nanai: Gịrị-

Oroch: gī-, giji-

Udighe: gī-

Comments: ТМС 1, 153-154.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kár-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to shear, mow

Russian meaning: срезать, косить

Old Japanese: kar-

Middle Japanese: kár-

Tokyo: kàr-

Kyoto: kár-

Kagoshima: kár-

Comments: JLTT 704.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : to scrape

Eurasiatic : *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign

Afroasiatic : *ḳaraʕ cut; *garaʕ id.

Sino-Caucasian : *ḳirV knife

Austric : *KVr 'scrape, dig'; *KVr 'shave'.

African (misc.) : Bantu *-kùd- 'scrape'.

Notes : Obviously several roots that have to be sorted out.

Reference : GE 30 *gir (+ NS).

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaraʕ-

Meaning: cut

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḳVrVʕ- ~ *ḳVʕVr- 'to tear, rend' 1, 'cut (trees)' 2

Western Chadic: *ḳar- 'cut', slaughter' 1 , 'cut off' 2

Central Chadic: *kVr/Vw/-

East Chadic: *kVr- 'carve'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳaraʕ- 'cut'

Low East Cushitic: *ḳar- 'sharp, point' (v.)

High East Cushitic: *ḳar- 'be sharp'

Warazi (Dullay): *ḳar- 'sharp'

Dahalo (Sanye): ḳeer- 'cut'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 539

Proto-Semitic: *ḳVrVʕ- ~ *ḳVʕVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to tear, rend' 1, 'cut (trees)' 2

Hebrew: ḳrʕ 1 KB 1146

Arabic: ḳʕr [-a-] 2

Notes: Metathesis

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ḳar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cut', slaughter' 1 , 'cut off' 2

Hausa: ḳírà 2

Bolewa: kàrā́ 1 [ShV]

Pero: kara- 1 [Sh]

Ngamo: kara-1 [Sh]

Notes: ireegular vowel in Hausa

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kVr/Vw/-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cut grass with a sickle to prepare a new field'

Mofu-Gudur: -kǝ́rw- [BMo]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *kVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'carve'

Ndam: kǝrâ [JgD]

Notes: Cf. Bidiya koor 'scrape, plane' [JBid]

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *ḳaraʕ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cut'

Bilin: ḳaraaʕ y-

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ḳar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'sharp, point' (v)

Somali: qor-

Oromo (Galla): qara

Notes: Cf. also LEC *ḳor- "cut, carve" (Som qor-, Or qor-, Arb qor-), *ḳar- "shave oneself" (Arb qar-)

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *ḳar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be sharp'

Sidamo: ḳar-aaʔm-

Warazi etymology :

Proto-Warazi: *ḳar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'sharp'

Gawwada (Gawata): qaru

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: ḳeer-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cut'

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳirV́

Meaning: knife

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ḳirV

Sino-Tibetan: *Krij

Comments and references : ? Cf. PAN *kǝ[L]it' 'dagger' (Peiros 1998, 222).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ḳirV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: knife, axe

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ḳirV

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳir(a)

Notes: An Av.-And.-Lezg. isogloss.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ḳirV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: big knife, hatchet

Avar: ḳerelo (Unt.)

Akhvakh: ḳeru (Tlan.)

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳira

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hook,stick with a hook 2 fang 3 hatchet, small axe

Lezghian: ḳir 1,2

Tabasaran: ḳir 2

Rutul: ḳiruw 3 (Khnov.)

Tsakhur: ḳera 3

Kryz: ḳir 1

Budukh: ḳir 1

Archi: ḳiri 3

Comment: Obl. base *ḳirä- (cf. the Tsakh. form and Tab. ḳira-). Arch. and Rut. reflex a suffixed form *ḳirä-j / *ḳiru-j ( > ḳiruw). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Krij

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: brass, copper

Tibetan: gri knife.

Burmese: krijh copper, brass, LB *krijx .

Kachin: mǝgri¹ brass (cf. also (H) n-khji a small knife)).

Lushai: KC *M-Gre ? iron.

Comments: Midzhu teŋ-gri. Sh. 184; Ben. 22; Mat. 177; Luce 10.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *KVr

Meaning: scrape, dig

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ki:r

Austroasiatic meaning: scrape, dig

Proto-Austronesian: *karkar 'dig' or *ukir 'carving'

Austronesian meaning: dig

Notes: or ANB *kahiR scratch, scrape, rake; cf. *KVr 'shave, scrape'.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ki:r

Meaning: scrape, dig

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Khmer: kiǝr, kiǝl

Proto-Monic: *ki:r

Proto-Palaungic: Pr gi

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: kiǝr, kiǝl

Meaning: to scrape

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

References: JP18

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *ki:r

Meaning: dig

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Mon: ki:r

Nyakur: ci:r.L

Nyakur meaning: dig

References: N215; S-40

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