Konda etymology :

Konda : kot- (-t-)

Meaning: to hammer, hit hard on the top

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : kot- (-t-) "to peck"

Number in DED : 2091

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kot-

Meaning : to peck

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : kot- (-t-)

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kot-

Notes : This root should not be confounded with *gond- 'to cut, hack', as it is in DEDR 2091. Causative conjugation in PGn.

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kot-

Meaning : to beat, pick; to dig

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kospa (kost-) "to beat, strike with stick or mallet; peck, bite, sting; n. a beating, bite, sting"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kōthali "to hoe"

Kuwi (Schulze) : kothnai "to pick (with pickaxe)"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : kot- (-h-) "to dig with hoe"

Kuwi (Israel) : kot- (-h-) "to peck, hoe"

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_S kotpinai to haggle, hash (i.e. mince; pl. action)

Notes : In Kui -tp- > -sp-.

Number in DED : 2091

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kot-

Meaning : to peck

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kot-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kot-

Proto-North Dravidian : *qot-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kot-

Meaning : to peck

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kottu (kotti-)

Tamil meaning : to grub up, hoe, peck (as a bird), bite (as a snake), chop, hack, mince, carve; n. grubbing, mincing, pecking, biting (as a serpent), gashing, a small hoe for rooting out weeds

Tamil derivates : kottal pecking; kottan_ a mason; kontu (konti-) to peck, mince, gnaw, gore, pierce; pick up shells, etc., from the floor before a thrown-up shell comes down (as in gmae played by girls); kontal picking, nibbling

Malayalam : kottuka

Malayalam meaning : to dig, carve, peck, pick up, bite (as snakes), strike, cut

Malayalam derivates : kottu stinging, digging, pecking, picking up; kotti pick-axe, stone-digger, carver

Kannada : kottu

Kannada meaning : to chop, mince

Kodagu : kott- (kotti-)

Kodagu meaning : to pick up with single sharp motion, peck

Kodagu derivates : kotti para game of jackstones

Tulu : godduni

Tulu meaning : to pick or devour, as a fowl

Proto-Nilgiri : *kot-

Number in DED : 2091

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kot-

Meaning : to peck

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kot- (koty-) "to peck, bite, hook (small stick) in playing tipcat"

Toda : kwɨɵk- (kwɨɵky-) "to peck, (snake) bites"

Additional forms : Also Kota kot a peck

Number in DED : 2091

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *qot-

Meaning : to cut by striking, slash, inflict a gash, wound by a blow from any heavy and sharp-edged instrument, decapitate

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : xotnā/xosnā (xottas)

Notes : Although the root is found only in Kurukh, the reconstruction on the NDR level is certain because of the derivative *kot-g-, present both in Kurukh and Malto

Number in DED : 2091

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳUṭV

Meaning: cut

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *oket- ? (or *kʷēd- 'sharp' 2752?)

Altaic: *k`i̯ōt`e (cf. also *ki̯ā́tu 822)

Kartvelian: *ḳwe(ś)t-

Dravidian: *kot-

References: МССНЯ 360. Bomhard 1996, 178: IE *kʷed-. Kartv. *ḳwe(ś)t- rather = Sem. *ḳVc̣Vd- (see ND 1210 *ḳUśdV 'chop, cut'). ND 1217 *ḲotV 'tip, end, sharp point' (IE *kʷēd- : Alt. + differ. Drav. + Cush.). ; 1222 *ḲutʡV ~ *ḲuṭʡV 'to cut off, tear off' (quite dubious FU and Turk. + Sem. and Bj.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *ok-, *oket- <PIH *o-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to furrow, harrow; harrow

Hittite: akkala- c. `Furche' -- oder: akkala- c. 'tiefgehender Pflug' (so Benveniste HIE, otherwise Kronasser EHS 172, Tischler 9-10)

Old Greek: *oksínǟ ~ -ī́- f.?: oksína 'harrow' Hsch.ж ógmo-s m. `Schwad, Reihe abgemähten Grases oder Getreides; Streifen Land, das abgemäht oder auf andere Weise bearbeitet wird oder werden soll; Ackermass'

Baltic: *ak-ē̂t-iā̃ f., *ak-ē̂t-ia- c., *ak-ē̂- vb.

Germanic: *ag-íɵ-ō f., *ag-ja- vb.

Latin: occa f. `Egge'

Celtic: OCymr ocet, NCymr oged `Egge', Corn ocet `Egge', Bret ogued `Egge'

Russ. meaning: борона

References: WP I 26 f

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *ak-ē̂t-iā̃ f., *ak-ē̂t-ia- c., *ak-ē̂- vb.

Meaning: harrow

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: akḗčiōs, ekḗčiōs pl. 'Eggen'; ekḗtis, gen. -čiō `Egge'; ekḗti, akḗti `egen'

Lettish: ecēsa (Druw., BW.), pl. ecēšas, ecêkšas (Ronneb., Smilt., Trik.), ecēža (Preili) `Egge', ecêt (-ēju, -ēju) `eggen'

Old Prussian: aketes pl. `Eggen' V.255

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *agíɵō, *agjan- vb.

Meaning: rake, harrow

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old English: egeɵe, egɵe `a rake, harrow', ecgan, prt. egede `to harrow'

Old Saxon: egitha `Egge', eggian `eggen'

Middle Dutch: eghe; eghede

Dutch: eg, egge, eegde; eggen vb.

Middle Low German: ēgede, eyde; egen wk.

Old High German: egida (8.Jh.) `Ege'; eggen (10. Jh.) `eggen'

Middle High German: ɛgede, eide wk. f. 'egge'; ɛggen, ɛgen wk. `eggen'

German: Egge f. (seit 15.Jh. < Verb), eggen schw. v.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ōt`e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of knife or arrow

Russian meaning: вид ножа или стрелы

Turkic: *kēt-men

Mongolian: *kituga

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)utu, -ke

Comments: A Western isogloss. In Turkic one would expect a closed *ẹ̄, but in fact Chuv. katmak points to an open vowel. This may be due to a natural contamination of this root with the reflex of PA *ki̯ā́tu 'sharp tool, notch' q. v.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *kēt-men

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hoe, mattock

Russian meaning: мотыга

Old Turkic: ketmen (OUigh.)

Karakhanid: ketmen (MK)

Turkish: gedmen

Middle Turkic: ketmen (Sangl.)

Uzbek: ketmɔn

Uighur: kätmän

Azerbaidzhan: kätmän

Turkmen: kǟtmen

Chuvash: katmak

Kirghiz: ketmen-

Bashkir: kätmän

Comments: VEWT 259, ЭСТЯ 3, 30-31, 5, 65-66, EDT 704. Usually derived from *gēt- 'to notch' - but the semantic shift is not quite satisfactory, and the Oghuz languages (except Turkish with a secondary analogy) systematically distinguish *g- in 'notch' and *k- in 'hoe'.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kituga

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: knife

Russian meaning: нож

Written Mongolian: kituɣa, qutaɣa, qutuɣa (L 474)

Middle Mongolian: kituqai (SH), k[i]tɣa (IM), kīdūɣa (Lig.VMI), kituɣa (MA)

Khalkha: xutga

Buriat: xutaga, (зап.) xotigo

Dongxian: qudoɣo

Shary-Yoghur: χudaʁa

Monguor: ćidoGo (SM 445)

Mogol: qitqɛi (Ramstedt 1906)

Comments: MGCD 393. Mong. > Man. kitukan 'scissors' (see Rozycki 140).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)utu, -ke

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 knife on a shaft 2 a k. of arrow

Russian meaning: 1 тесак (на коротком древке) 2 стрела-однозубец

Evenki: utu, utut 2, utkēn 1

Even: ötken 1

Comments: ТМС 2, 294.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳwe(ś)t-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: отсекать, отрезать

English meaning: to cut off

Georgian: ḳvet-; na-ḳvet- 'segment'

Megrel: ḳvat-; no-ḳvet- 'segment'

Svan: ḳwt-, ḳwešd-, ḳwšd-

Laz: ḳvat-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 111, EWK 196-197. Иллич-Свитыч (МССHЯ 360) сравнивает с драв. *kott- 'резать, рубить, копать'. Бомхард (1996, 178) добавляет ПИЕ *kʷed- 'точить, сверлить'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVTV

Meaning : chopped piece, to cut

Eurasiatic : *ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV)

Afroasiatic : *ḳaṭ-/*ḳuṭ-

Sino-Caucasian : *xq̇wǝ̆́twV

Austric : PAA *kut / *ku:t 'cut' (cf. also "Alt. "*KVt 'gnaw, bite')

Amerind (misc.) : *ḳaṭi 'break' (R 89), *q̇ʷat 'cut' (R 156) [+ A K]

African (misc.) : Bantu *-kèt- 'cut'.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaṭ-/*ḳuṭ-

Meaning: cut, break

Semitic: *ḳʷVṭ- 'cut' 1, 'cut grass' 2

Low East Cushitic: *ḳat- < *ḳaṭ- 'circumcise'

South Cushitic: *ḳat- 'circumcise'

Dahalo (Sanye): ḳaaṭ-aad- 'divide'

Omotic: *ḳuṭ- 'cut'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 554

Proto-Semitic: *ḳʷVṭ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cut' 1, 'cut grass' 2

Arabic: qṭṭ [-u-] 1

Geʕez (Ethiopian): qʷṭṭ 2

Amharic: qʷṭṭ 1

Notes: The vocalism *u may be reflected in labialized velars of Gz and Amh ||

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ḳat-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'circumcise'

Baiso: ḳat-

Notes: Dissimilation of emphatics

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *ḳat-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'circumcise'

Alagwa (Wasi): qeet-is- (-)

Burunge (Mbulungi): qeet-is- (-)

Qwadza (Ngomvia): ḳat-

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: ḳaaṭ-aad-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'divide'

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *ḳuṭ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cut'

Kafa (Kaficho): ḳuṭ-

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xq̇wǝ̆́twV

Meaning: chopped piece, to cut

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *q̇_ǝ̆twV

Sino-Tibetan: *kʷāt (~ gʷ-; r-)

Burushaski: *gaṭ- ?

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *q̇_ǝ̆twV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stump, board, chopped piece

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇:atʷV ( ~ -o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ɔt(u)

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇aṭ

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. In PL we have to assume an assimilation (*-t- > *-ṭ-), which is usual in roots containing two stops. With secondary semantic development 'piece' > 'piece of bread' cf. perhaps also Darg. Chir. q̇uṭur 'piece of bread, cake' (cf. a similar process under PEC *q̇ăc̣ɨ̆).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇:atʷV ( ~ -o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 lid, cover 2 to cut, chop

Avar: q̇oṭ- 2

Chadakolob: q̇uṭ- 2

Chamalal: q̇:atʷ 1

Karata: q̇:ʷaṭa (Leksika) 1

Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. q̇:atu 'lid, cover'. The original meaning is 'chopped block' - cf. the external evidence and the Avar verb (obviously denominative - cf. the similar usage of *q̇aṭ in Lezghian languages).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ɔtu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: board 1 splinter

Ginukh: q̇ot 1

Khvarshi: q̇ot

Inkhokvari: q̇Iotu

Comments: PTsKh *q̇ot(u).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇aṭ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 piece, chopped block 2 small beam 3 remnant

Lezghian: q̇aṭ 1

Tabasaran: q̇aṭ 1

Agul: q̇aṭ 1 (Bursh.)

Rutul: q̇aṭ 1 (Shin.)

Tsakhur: q̇aṭ 2

Kryz: q̇äṭ 3

Budukh: q̇aṭ 1

Comment: Obl. base *q̇aṭɨ- (cf. Tsakh. q̇aṭɨ-). In Lezg. cf. also the verb q̇aṭu-z 'to guess, to reason' (*'to put pieces together'). The stem is widely used in compound verbs: cf. Rut. q̇aṭ haʔas 'to break', Tab. q̇aṭ aṗuz 'to cut, chop', Ag. q̇aṭ aq̇as 'to cut, chop, break'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kʷāt (~ gʷ-; r-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cut, divide

Chinese: 夬 *kʷrāts divide, make a breach.

Burmese: khut to strike with the edge of a knife, gash, chop, hew.

Kachin: khot² to cut, shape, (H) lǝkhot id.

Chinese characters :

Character: 夬

Modern (Beijing) reading: guǎi

Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷēt

Classic Old Chinese: kwēt

Western Han Chinese: kwjāt

Eastern Han Chinese: kwiāt

Early Postclassic Chinese: kwiēt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwiēt

Late Postclassic Chinese: kwiēt

Middle Chinese: kwiet

English meaning : archer's thimble

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вторая из гексаграмм в книге Ицзин; второй; 2) решительный

Comments: Also read *kʷrāt-s, MC kwạ̀j, Pek. guài 'to divide, make a breach'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 37

Four-angle index: 5082

Karlgren code: 0312 a

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *gaṭ-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: bite

Yasin: gaṭ-́

Hunza: gaṭ-́

Nagar: gaṭ-́

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kut

Meaning: cut

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *kut / *ku:t

Austroasiatic meaning: cut

Proto-Thai: kuʔd to cut out

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *kut / *ku:t

Meaning: cut

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: kuʔd to cut out

Proto-Katuic: *kut

Proto-Monic: *ku:t

Proto-Khmu: *ku:t

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *kut

Meaning: to cut

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: VKV kakɨt V?

Proto-East Katuic: *kut

References: P-214; TK16.483; TK16.150

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic:

Meaning: to cut

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: kakɨt

Bru Van Keu meaning: to cut in chunks

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *kut

Meaning: to cut

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: kut, khut

Pakoh meaning: to cut in pieces

Lao Katu: kut

Lao Katu meaning: to cut off

Kri: taŋkut stub, stump (v.)

Chatong: kut; takut stub, stump (v.)

Kantu dialects: tigut

Triw: kut

Dakkan dialects (1): ku:t V?

Katu dialects (1): kut

Katu meaning: to cut; ku:t to cut throat

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *ku:t

Meaning: to cut ogg

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: kut

References: V128

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