Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVPV

Meaning : bark

Eurasiatic : *ḲopV

Afroasiatic : Chad. *kʷVHVb- 'bark'

Sino-Caucasian : *xqwVpV (~-b-)

Austric : PAN *kupkup 'cover with a thin layer', PAA *gVp 'cover'

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-kóbà 'skin'; *-gàbò 'shield'.

Reference : МССНЯ 344; ND 1117.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḲopV

Meaning: bark

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *k`i̯ā̀bu (cf. also *k`āp`a 2)

Uralic: *kopa

Kartvelian: Georg. ḳep- 'sheet (of paper)'

References: МССНЯ 344; ND 1109 *ḳAP_V 'leaf', 1117 *Ḳo(')ap[U] 'bark' (+ Chad.). Maybe indeed more than one root: for Alt. *k`i̯ā̀bu cf. also Sv. q̇uwa 'bark, crust' (see ND 1946 *q̇EwV 'bark, crust, shell').

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā̀bu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to peel, skin

Russian meaning: сдирать (шкуру, шелуху), свежевать

Turkic: *K(i)ab

Mongolian: *kaɣul-

Tungus-Manchu: *xū(be)

Korean: *kjǝ[b]- / *kib-

Comments: Владимирцов 209. One of several similar PA roots (see *k`ā́p`a, *k`èpà, *gébó, *kìp`é).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *K(i)ab

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 peeled skin 2 to peel 3 dandruff

Russian meaning: 1 содранная кожа 2 сдирать (кожу) 3 перхоть

Turkish: kav 1, kovak 1, kavla- 2

Tatar: qawɨq 3

Middle Turkic: qav 1 (AH) , qavaq 3 (CCum.)

Uighur: qavaq 'shell' (dial.)

Azerbaidzhan: GovaG 3

Turkmen: Gov 1

Khakassian: xāx 3

Oyrat: qoq (Верб.), qāq (dial.) 3

Bashkir: qaw 1, qawaq 3

Comments: VEWT 214, EDT 578, ЭСТЯ 5, 160-161, 6, 7-8. This root should be distinguished from *Kāpuk 'bark' (v. sub *k`ā́p`à), although they are partially confused in VEWT 234-5. See also EDT 583.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kaɣul-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to peel off, skin

Russian meaning: сдирать шкуру, свежевать

Written Mongolian: qaɣul- (L 909)

Middle Mongolian: qa'ul- (SH)

Khalkha: xūla-

Buriat: xūla-

Kalmuck: xūl- (КРС)

Ordos: xūl-

Dagur: haule- (MD 158)

Monguor: xụ̄li- 'peler, écorcher, écorcer' (SM 180)

Comments: Mong. > Man. qola-, qōla- (Rozycki 142).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xū(be)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: membrane scraper

Russian meaning: скребок (для соскабливания мездры)

Evenki: ū

Even: ọ̄

Negidal: ū

Ulcha: xūe

Nanai: xue

Udighe: ū

Comments: ТМС 2, 242.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kjǝ[b]- / *kib-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 rice husks 2 bran

Russian meaning: 1 рисовая шелуха 2 отруби

Modern Korean: kjǝ 1, kiul 2

Middle Korean: kjǝ́ 1, kì'úr 2

Comments: Liu 53, 114, KED 111, 272.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 355

Proto: *kopa

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: skin, bark

German meaning: Haut, Rinde

Estonian: kõba (gen. kõba) 'Kieferrinde'

Mordovian: kuvo (E) 'корка', kuva (M) 'корка, кора'

Mari (Cheremis): kuwo (Szil.) 'Hülse, Schale, Schuppe'; [KB kawaštǝ̑, U kowašte 'Balg, Fell, Haut' - rejected by Redei]

Udmurt (Votyak): ku (S K G) 'Haut, Fell'

Komi (Zyrian): ku (S PO) 'Fell, Haut, Balg, Leder'

Nenets (Yurak): χoba (O), kopa (Nj.) 'Fell, Tierhaut; Baumrinde'

Enets (Yen): koba 'Haut', kuba 'Leder, Fell'

Nganasan (Tawgi): kufu (gen. kubu) 'Haut', (NyK) kuho, kuhu

Selkup: k͔óp(э) (Ta.), k͔oppα (Ke.), qop (Ty.) 'Haut'

Kamass: kuba, kuwa id.

Janhunen's version: (95) *kopa

Sammalahti's version: *kopa

Addenda: Koib. kuba 'Fell, Haut'; Mot. ko id.; Karag. когото

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xqwVpV (~-b-)

Meaning: covering, skin

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *gjū̆p

Burushaski: *gap

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *gjū̆p

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cover

Chinese: 合 *gǝ̄p to close, shut.

Tibetan: skjob (p. (b)skjabs, f. bskjab, i. skjob(s)) to protect, defend, preserve.

Kachin: gup² to cover, as with a hat, gǝgup² a hat.

Lushai: khūp to cover up (as head), khup (khuʔ) to close or shut (as book).

Lepcha: a-kóp 'feather(s)' ( < 'covering'?)

Comments: Garo dźaʔ-kop sandal (dźaʔ foot). Sh. 448.

Chinese characters :

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *gap

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: hide, skin

Yasin: gap

Hunza: gap

Nagar: gap

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kVP

Meaning: cover

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *gVp +MU; also *gVp 'trap'

Miao-Yao parallels: Yao khap.1 to cover tightly

Proto-Austronesian: *aŋkeb

Austronesian meaning: cover, lid, seal; *cu(ŋ)kup to cover; *kupkup cover; (Ache sɨrɨkap chicken cage made of bamboo; khôp cover)

Austronesian code: 1:46

Proto-Thai: kap.A trap; ZhT, Kd kup 'cover'

Notes: Prnum may be also 380

References: Peiros 1989; Ben 258-259, Peiros 1998, 90 (suggesting a loan Tai < Chin.)

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *gVp

Meaning: cover

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: EK *gap / *gɨp

Proto-Monic: *kǝp

Proto-Palaungic: Wa *gap

Proto-Khmu: *gu:p

References: S-355

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *gap / *gɨp

Meaning: cover

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *gǝp / *gɨp

References: TK16.88

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *gǝp / *gɨp

Meaning: cover

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Lao Katu: kǝ̂p

Lao Katu meaning: to cover up; k<an>ǝ̂p covering

Kri: kɨp

Kantu dialects: gɨp

Triw: gɨp

Katu dialects (1): gǝp

Katu dialects (4): gǝp

Katu meaning: to cover food

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: cover with a lid

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Ruc: *kɨ:p.3

Ruc (Russian field rec.): kɨ:p.3

Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): kɨ:p.3

Ruc meaning: to cover with a lid

Notes: F-97: *kǝp

References: NVL142

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *kǝp

Meaning: cover, lid

Presyllable: Cǝŋ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: sakuip, dakuip, gakuip

Middle Mon: sakuip

Nyakur: ŋkǝp

Nyakur meaning: cover, lid

References: V163; V163a; S-355

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *gap

Meaning: to cover

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *gap

Proto-Plang: *kaɨp; *ga(ɨ)p

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: to cover

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: kap.B

Paraok meaning: to cover

Wa: kap.B

Wa meaning: to cover

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *kaɨp; *ga(ɨ)p

Meaning: to cover

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: kap.1

Bulang meaning: to cover

Konto: kap.B.1

Konto meaning: to cover (pot)

Samtao (Paulsen): kǝp.2

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: to cover

References: P-323: *káp.1

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