Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1959

Root: tap-2

English meaning: to press down, press together

German meaning: `niederdrücken, zusammendrücken'

Material: Gr. ταπεινός `niedrig, demütig' (`*gedrückt'); aisl. þefja `stampfen', þōf n. `Gedränge', þōfi m. `Filz' (daraus lit. túba, lett. tūba, apr. tubo `Filz'.)

References: WP. I 705, Mayrhofer 477.

Pages: 1056

PIE database: PIE database

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *tap-/-e-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to press, to pound

Old Indian: vi-tapati `to force asunder', saṃ-tapati `to oppress, afflict'

Other Iranian: NPers tāftan `niederdrücken'

Old Greek: tapẹ̄nó- `niedrig gelegen, gering im Range, gemein, unbedeutend, demütig'

Slavic: *tepǭ, *tetī/*tepstī, *topātī, *topotъ

Baltic: *tep- (*tep-a-) vb. tr., *tep-ē̂- vb., *tap-ī̂- vb., *tap-nā̂-, -ā̂- vb.,

Germanic: *ɵab-ja- vb., *ɵa[f]-[ō]- vb., *ɵō[f]-a- n.

Russ. meaning: давить, прессовать, толочь

References: WP I 705

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *tep- (*tep-a-) vb. tr., *tep-ē̂- vb., *tap-ī̂- vb., *tap-nā̂-, -ā̂- vb.,

Meaning: smear; beat

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: tèpti (tẽpa, tẽpē) 'schmieren, salben, streichen, besudeln; nicht schön schreiben, anstreichen; schlagen, hauen'; tapī́ti 'malen, färben, schmieren, tapnṓti 'langsam mit der flachen Hand schlagen; betasten, liebkosen, streichen, schmieren; trampeln; (mit den Füssen) stampfen'

Lettish: tept (-pju, -pu) 'schmieren, bestreichen', tepêt 'schmieren'; tapât 'okulieren, pfropfen; schreiten (mit kleinen Schritten)'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *ɵabjan- vb., *ɵa[f]Vn- vb., *ɵō[f]a-n

Meaning: press, pound

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: ɵefja wk. `stampfen (von Grütze)', ɵōf n. `Gedränge; Streit, Zank', ɵōfi m. `Filz'

Norwegian: tava `reissen, schleppen'; tov `Walken; Filz'; tove `Wisch'

Swedish: tov `gewalkte Wolle, Filz', töv `unruhiges Meer'; tova `Wisch'

East Frisian: dafen `schlagen, stampfen'

Old High German: { bi-deppen `bedrücken' }

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṭapħa

Meaning: beat, hit

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *tep- 'to hit, trample'; *debh-, *deb-, *dep- 'to press, to rumple'

Altaic: *t`ep`a (and oth.)

Uralic: *tappa

Kartvelian: *ṭḳeṗ- / *ṭḳeb-

Dravidian: *tap-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *t(ǝ)bi- 'to stand (on two feet)'

Comments: An expressive root (and maybe more than one, cf. in Altaic also *t`abi and *tā́p`V, *t`i̯ŏ́p`é).

References: ОСНЯ 2, 108-109; ND 550 *da/oṗɣV ~ *da/o[ɣ]ṗV 'to push'; 2327 *ṭ[ä]bHa 'to trample, crumple, press' ( + Berb. Ah.); 2327a *ṭab(V)qa 'to hit, strike'; 2398 *ṭä[ṗ]V 'to squeeze, press'.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`ĕ̀p`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hit, tip over

Russian meaning: ударять, опрокидывать(ся)

Turkic: *Tap-la-

Mongolian: *taɣ- / *tuji-

Tungus-Manchu: *tep-

Japanese: *tàpú-

Comments: The root should be distinguished from *tā́p`V and *t`i̯ŏ́p`é q. v., although they certainly tend to be confused.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Tap-la-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to chop off splinters 2 to forge, hammer

Russian meaning: 1 тесать 2 ковать 3 трамбовать

Tatar: tapta- 1, 2, 3

Middle Turkic: tapla- 'бить, выравнивать' (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: tɔpta- 3

Uighur: tapta- 1, 2, 3

Azerbaidzhan: tapdala- 2

Khakassian: tapta- 2, 3

Oyrat: tapta- 1, 2, 3

Chuvash: topta- 2, 3

Yakut: taptaj- 2, 3

Tuva: tapta- 1, 2, 3

Kirghiz: tapta- 1, 2, 3

Kazakh: tapta- 1, 2, 3

Noghai: tapta- 1, 2, 3

Balkar: tabla- 'to hammer'

Karaim: tapta- 1, 2, 3

Kumyk: tapta- 1, 2, 3

Comments: VEWT 462, ОСНЯ 2, 108-109, Ашм. XIV, 48.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *taɣ- / *tuji-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to dump, capsize 2 to cut, sharpen

Russian meaning: 1 сбрасывать (всадника), опрокидывать 2 обрезать, точить

Written Mongolian: tujila- (L 840) 1 , taɣari- (L 765), tajiri- (KW) 2

Middle Mongolian: tujla- 'брыкаться' (MA 354)

Khalkha: tujla- 1, tajra- 2

Buriat: tajra- 2

Kalmuck: tūĺ- 1, tǟr- 2

Ordos: tuila- 1, tāri- 2

Dagur: tāri- 2

Shary-Yoghur: tār- 2

Comments: KW 388, 413, MGCD 622.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tep-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to hit (with a heavy object); to kill (a deer) 2 to trample 3 to dance 4 to cut through 5 to shoot

Russian meaning: 1 ударять (тяжелым предметом); закалывать (оленя) 2 топтать 3 плясать 4 пробивать, прорезать 5 стрелять

Evenki: tepū- 1, tepte- 2, tepti- 4

Even: tepseŋnī- 2

Negidal: tepekele- 5

Nanai: tepete- 3

Comments: ТМС 2, 237, 238. Cf. also an expressive variant *tapta- 'to clap' (ТМС 2, 164).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *tàpú-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to tip over, collapse 2 to dump, capsize, topple

Russian meaning: 1 спотыкаться, опрокидываться 2 опрокидывать

Old Japanese: tapura- 1, tapus- 2

Middle Japanese: tàfúra- 1, tafus- 2

Tokyo: taoré- 1, taós- 2

Kyoto: táóré- 1, táós- 2

Kagoshima: tàòrè- 1, tàòs- 2

Comments: JLTT 763.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1038

Proto: *tappa

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to stamp with feet; to hit, knock

German meaning: mit den Füssen stampfen; schlagen, pochen, klopfen

Finnish: tappa- 'totschlagen; ermorden; schlachten', tappele- 'sich schlagen, kämpfen', taputta- 'klopfen, klatschen'

Estonian: tapa- 'töten, schlachten', dial. tap̄- 'dreschen'

Mordovian: tapa- (E M) 'schlagen, prügeln, zerschlagen, zertreten, niedertreten'

Udmurt (Votyak): tap- (URS) 'быть плотно утоптанным', tapi̮rt- (S), tapi̮rti̮- (URS) 'stampfen, топтать' ?

Komi (Zyrian): tap-tap kar- 'klopfen, schlagen', tapki̮- (S P VU) 'erhaschen, in den Rücken stoßen; идти, мягко ступая лапами' ?

Hungarian: topp, top, tapp, tap (dial.) 'Schritt, Tritt', top (dial.) 'unterer Teil des Oberfußes, Fuß', top- (dial.) 'zertreten, zerstampfen', tapod- (dial. tipod-) 'treten, zertreten', tapos- 'treten', tapsol- '(in die Hände) klatschen'

Nenets (Yurak): tapar- (O) 'mit dem Fuß treten, stoßen; ein Bein stellen'

Selkup: tapi̮r- (Ta.) '(mit dem Fuß) stoßen', tappol- 'stoßen', taperna- (Ta. B), tāberna- (Ke.), tabarna- (N) 'mit den Füßen stoßen'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ṭḳeb-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: топтать, придавливать

English meaning: to trample, press upon

Georgian: ṭḳeb-

Svan: ṭḳeb-, ṭḳb-

Laz: (n)ṭḳab-, ṭḳaṗ-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 182, EWK 329-330. Сближение с ПИЕ *tep- 'бить, топтать', алт. *t`apV 'бить, ковать, топтать', урал. *tappa- 'бить, топтать', драв. *tapp- 'бить' см. МССHЯ 330.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *tap-

Meaning : to strike

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *tap-/*dab-

Proto-Telugu : *dabb-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tap-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tap-

Notes : Telugu *d- probably by contamination with *dap-.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *tap-/*dab-

Meaning : to strike

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : tappu (tappi-)

Tamil meaning : to strike, beat, kill

Tamil derivates : tappai a blow

Kannada : dabbe, debbe, ḍabbe, ḍebbe

Kannada meaning : a blow, stroke

Number in DED : 3075

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *dabb-

Meaning : to slap

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : dabbaḍincu

Additional forms : Also debba blow, stroke, attack

Number in DED : 3075

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tap-

Meaning : to strike, kill

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : tapp-

Additional forms : Also Parji tapoṛ slap

Number in DED : 3075

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tap-

Meaning : to beat

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : tap-

Konda etymology :

Konda : tap-

Meaning: (BB) to strike, hit

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 3075

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *t(ǝ)bi-

Meaning (Rus.): стоять на двух ногах

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *tbɨ-ɫɫa-

Proto-Itelmen: *tĕ-, *t'zo-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *tbɨ-ɫɫa-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): стоять на ногах (о человеке) 1, (встать) на дыбы 2

Chukchee: (t)vetɫa- 1, (АБ) wetca- 1, 2

Koryak: (t)vella- 1

Palan: vec̨c̨a-k 1, veccaŋ 2

Alutor: (c)vicca- 1

Comments: Первоначальное значение 'стоять на двух ногах'. Ср. *-tbi- 'стать каким-либо'(1352). Интересно также *ǝnbiɫ- 'остановиться'.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *tĕ-, *t'zo-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вставать

Itelmen: t-kes (t-at-kes mult.) 1, te-kej- 2, tx-zu-kes dur. 3

Itelmen meaning: вставать 1, вставать с постели 2, стоять 3, поставить, ставить 4, расставлять (по местам) 5

West Itelmen: ta-kai̯-kaz 1, tzo-kaz 2, tzo-lit-kaz 3

West Itelmen meaning: surgere e lecto 1, stare 2, distare 3

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): wstawać z ɫoża 1, stać 2, odstawać, być oddalonymi 3

South Itelmen: ta-kai̯-kik 3sg. past 1, ~ si-skazix 2sg. pres. 2

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): surrexit 1, stas 2

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): powstaɫ 1, stoisz 2

Number in Volodin 1976: 209, 62, 200

Stebnitsky reference: 104

Comments: Вторая часть композита 'вставать с постели' - *-kej- (240).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVPV

Meaning : beat, hit

Eurasiatic : *ṭapħa

Afroasiatic : *dup-

Sino-Caucasian : ST *TVp 'beat'

Austric : *dVp

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-tòb- 'hit, break'; Sandawe *dubeʔ 'to hit, smash'.

Notes : An expressive root (and maybe more than one, cf. in Altaic also *t`i̯ŏ́p`é and *tā́p`V; in ST also *dhēp). In Afroas. cf. also *ṭibaʕ- 'push', *daw/yVs- 'trample', *dab-/*dib- 'break, beat'; in Austric cf. also *tab.

Reference : ОСНЯ 2, 108-109, ND 550; Guthrie 1770.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dup-

Meaning: push

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *dVp- 'push'

Western Chadic: *dup- 'push'

Central Chadic: *duf- 'press with force (a hard object)'

South Cushitic: *dif- 'beat'

Omotic: *dup- 'throw'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1094

Proto-Semitic: *dVp-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'push'

Hebrew: dpy

Mehri: dōfa

Harsusi: dōfa

Notes: Cf. also Sem *dVḥVp- 'push away' (Akk daʔapu, Hbr dḥp) and *nVdVp- 'push': Hbr ndp, Arab ndf.

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *dup-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'push'

Sura: túp [JgS]

Notes: For Ngz dǝ̀bú see CCh Mlw dìbí [TMlv}, both < *dVb

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *duf-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'press with force (a hard object)'.

Mafa=Matakam: dúdúf- [BMaf]

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *dif-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'beat'

Alagwa (Wasi): dif-

Burunge (Mbulungi): dif-

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *dup-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'throw'

Kafa (Kaficho): dup-

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *dVp

Meaning: to beat

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *dɨ:p / *dɨp

Austroasiatic meaning: beat

Proto-Thai: dup to beat

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *dɨ:p / *dɨp

Meaning: beat

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: dup to beat

Proto-Katuic: *dɨ:p

Proto-Vietic: cf. CHIN

Proto-Khmu: *tɨp

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *dɨ:p

Meaning: to stamp (with the foot)

Presyllable: # / cǝN-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *dɨ:p

Proto-East Katuic: *dVp

References: P-1074; TK16.15a

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *dɨ:p

Meaning: to stamp (with the foot)

Presyllable: gǝ- / #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru: kǝtɨ:p.B

Bru meaning: to stamp (with the foot)

Kui: thɨ:p.B

Kui meaning: to stamp

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *dVp

Meaning: to stamp (with the foot)

Presyllable: cǝN-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Kantu dialects: candop

Triw: cɨndǝp

Dakkan dialects (1): candɔp

Katu dialects (1): tǝp E?

Katu meaning: to march

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: to smash, break

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: d_ập

Vietnamese meaning: smash, pound, break

Muong dialect: dǝ̆p.3

Nguon dialect (1): tǝ̆p.8

Nguon dialect (2): ʔǝ̆p.8

Phong: tɨ̆p.8

Proto-Ruc: *tɨp.3

Ruc (Russian field rec.): tɨp.3

Ruc meaning: to crumble

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