Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kVdV

Meaning: to walk, pass

Indo-European: ? *kēd-

Altaic: *ki̯ód[o]

Uralic: ? *kuttV (*kottV)

Dravidian: *k̂aḍa- (or to *ḳVtV)

Eskimo-Aleut: *katǝ-

References: [In ND 695 *gaṭʕV 'pass through, cross' Drav. is compared with Alt. *gāt`i which seems less likely + Arab. and occasional Chad.).

Indo-European etymology :

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ód[o]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to go, walk

Russian meaning: идти, ходить, уходить

Mongolian: *ködel-

Tungus-Manchu: *kiad-

Korean: *kǝ̄d-

Japanese: *kájuáp-

Comments: Martin 245, АПиПЯЯ 15, 16, 71, 103, 279 (but the Turkic parallel has to be attributed to a different root, see *gā́t`ì). In TM one would rather expect *kid- - but the PTM reconstruction is dubious anyway (based only on one dialectal Evk. form).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ködel-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to move 2 to work

Russian meaning: 1 двигаться 2 работать

Written Mongolian: ködel- 1, 2

Middle Mongolian: kotɛlči 'servant' (IM), kudäl- (MA), kodol-, godol- (SH, HYt)

Khalkha: xödl- 1, 2

Buriat: xüdel- 1, 2

Kalmuck: ködl- 1, 2

Ordos: ködöl- 1, 2

Dongxian: goǯielu- 1, 2

Baoan: gudel-, gudal- 1

Dagur: xudele- 1 (Тод. Даг. 179), hudele-, hudule- (MD 165)

Shary-Yoghur: gödöl-

Monguor: gudoli- (SM 139) 1

Mogol: kütäl 'work'

Comments: KW 235, MGCD 404.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kiad-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: mountain pass

Russian meaning: горный перевал

Evenki: kêdris

Comments: ТМС 1, 386. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kǝ̄d-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: walk

Russian meaning: ходить

Modern Korean: kǝ̄t- (kǝ̄r-)

Middle Korean: kǝ̄t- (kǝr-)

Comments: Nam 32, 37, KED 95.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kájuáp-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to walk, go back and forth

Russian meaning: ходить

Old Japanese: kajwop-

Middle Japanese: kájóf-

Tokyo: kàyo-

Kyoto: káyó-

Kagoshima: kayó-

Comments: JLTT 707.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1366

Proto: *kuttV (*kottV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to run

German meaning: laufen

Mari (Cheremis): kǝ̑δala- (KB), kuδala- (U B) 'mit einem Pferde schnell dahineilen, laufen, fahren' ?

Komi (Zyrian): kote̮r- (S) 'laufen', kote̮rt- (S P), ko^.tørt- (PO) 'laufen, fließen', kotral- (S) 'laufen'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *k̂aḍ-a-

Meaning : to cross

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kaḍ-a-

Proto-Telugu : *kaḍ-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kaḍ-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *Kaṇa-

Proto-North Dravidian : *kaṭ-

Brahui : xarr-ing

Notes : NDR *-ṭ- because of (probably) y-conjugation. But the *-ṇ- in Gondwan is incomprehensible!

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kaḍ-a-

Meaning : to cross

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kaṭa (-pp-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to pass through, traverse, cross, exceed, excel, win, overcome, transgress; go, proceed, pass (as time, water, clouds, etc.)

Tamil derivates : kaṭattu (kaṭatti-) to cause to go, drive, transport, pass (as time); n. boat; kaṭappu passing over, wicket or narrow passage in a wall or hedge; kaṭavān_ channel cut through ridge of paddy-field to let surplus water run off; kaṭavu (kaṭavi-) to cause to go, drive, ride, dispatch, discharge (as a missile); n. way, path, direction; kaṭavai leap, jump, passing over, way; fault, defect; kaṭavuḷ god (who transcends speech and mind); kaṭāvu (kaṭāvi-) to discharge (as missiles), ride, drive, drive in (as a nail, peg, wedge), urge; kaṭācu (kaṭāci-), kiṭācu (kiṭāci-) to drive (as a nail), throw; kaṭai end, limit, boundary; lowness, lowest, worst; entrance, gate; kaṭaici end, extremity, the last; kaṭaiñan_ man of low caste, man of mean character; kaṭaimai meanest condition; kaṭaiyar men of the lowest caste or status

Malayalam : kaṭakka

Malayalam meaning : to pass over, enter, pass out, transgress, surpass

Malayalam derivates : kaṭattuka to make to pass, insert, introduce; kaṭattu transporting, conveying; kaṭappu passage, transgression; kaṭa what is ultimate; way; kaṭaśi end, termination; kaṭampa, kaṭāyi stile, gate bar; kaṭavu beach, landing place, wharf; track of wild beasts; kaṭāvuka, kiṭāvuka to drive (as a carriage), drive in (as a nail)

Kannada : kaḍe

Kannada meaning : to pass over, transgress, pass, elapse, get through; n. end, termination, limit, position of being last, low or inferior, worse than, side, direction, last, at last

Kannada derivates : kaṭa end, corner, etc.; kaḍa a ferry, ford; kaḍakal wicket or narrow passage in walls or hedges; kaḍame, kaḍime deficiency, inferiority, remainder; kaḍavaḷ god; kaḍāyisu to drive in (as a nail)

Kodagu : kaḍa- (kaḍap-, kaḍand-)

Kodagu meaning : to cross

Kodagu derivates : kaḍat- (kaḍati-) to take across; kaḍe end (of row, event, etc.); kaḍekɨ at last; kaḍe kuññi the youngest child

Tulu : kaḍapuni

Tulu meaning : to cross, ford, pass, elapse, surpass

Tulu derivates : kaḍapāvuni to cause to pass, help one to ford a river; kaḍapuḍuni to dispatch, forward, send away; kaḍapa distance; kaḍapu a ferry; kaḍapelụ that which can be crossed over; kaḍame deficiency, defect, remnant; less, deficient, remaining; kaḍe verge, margin, end, extremity, place; last, final, low, mean

Proto-Nilgiri : *kaḍä-

Miscellaneous : KOR (O) kaḍappuru, (M) kaḍɨ to send

Number in DED : 1109

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kaḍä-

Meaning : to cross

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kaṛv- (kaṛd-) "to cross (river), come out or leave (house), (years) pass; (sun, moon) rises"

Toda : kaḍ- (kaḍɵ-) "to leave, pass, cross"

Additional forms : Also Kota kaṛt- (kayt-/kaṛty-) to make to cross, send off; mē-kī- (< *kay-; mē-kaṛt-) to get up; mēkaṛc- (mēkaṛc-) to make to get up; kaṛv cattle-path through bushes, ford; kaṛ, kaṛc extreme end (kaṛ aḷ side of belly, kaṛ pāt the end, at last, kaṛ may NE. monsoon [i. e. last rain], kaṛcāc last woman in series, kaṛc ib very excellent iron, kaṛc aky worthless rice); Toda kaṛt- (kaṛty-) to send, take across; kaḍ a stride; kaḍ fōy corner of mouth; kaḍ xōl mox last-born son; kaḍf path, entrance to wood; kaḍč end (of thing, event)

Number in DED : 1109

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kaḍ-

Meaning : to pass, elapse; pass over, cross, transgress, exceed

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kaḍacu

Dialectal forms (1) : gaḍacu

Dialectal forms (2) : gaḍucu

Additional forms : Also [1] kaḍapu, [2] gaḍupu to pass, cause to pass or elapse, put off, defer, drive, push; kaḍa end, extremity, place, direction, vicinity; kaḍagoṭṭu to die; adj. the youngest, last; kaḍacanu to die, be destroyed or lost, be completed; cross, pass over; kaḍategu to end, come to a close; kaṭṭakaḍa the very end, the very last place or point; adj. the very last, farthest, hindmost; [1] kaḍapa, [2] gaḍapa threshold; kaḍapaṭa at last; kaḍapaṭi last, final; kaḍapala the end; kaḍama remainder; remaining

Number in DED : 1109

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kaḍ-

Meaning : to cross; to go beyond

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : kaḍa (pl. kaḍel) "end, side"

Ollari Gadba : karp- (kart-) "to cross"

Salur Gadba : karr- "to yean"

Poya Gadba : kar- "to give birth to"

Kondekor Gadba : kar- (kaṭ-) "to drop, give birth to"

Additional forms : Also Parji kaḍp- (kaḍt-) to cross; kaḍ- (kaṭṭ-) to throw (normally used as aux. verb)

Notes : More often used with the causative meaning 'to throw out, bear' *kaḍp-.

Number in DED : 1109

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *Kaṇa-

Meaning : to cross, pass through

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : gaṛvi- (-t-)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kṇā-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gṇā-

Notes : Bisyllabic root; first consonant unclear (PPM points to *k-, Konda and PK point to *g-, but the latter may as well be secondary). Note: in PPM *kṇ- probably > *kṇ-, but *gṇ- > gṛ-.

Konda etymology :

Konda : gaṛvi- (-t-)

Meaning: to go beyond the boundary of a village, fail a promise, disregard (elder's words)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : nā- (-t-), nāv- (-it-) "to cross"

Number in DED : 1109

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kṇā-

Meaning : to cross

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : nā- (-t-)

Manda : kṛā-

Number in DED : 1109

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gṇā-

Meaning : to pass, cross

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : gṛāsa (gṛāsi-) "to pass something over or through, pass a thing through the outstretched legs"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : grāncali "to cross over"

Kuwi (Schulze) : gla'nai "to pass, cross (river)"

Kuwi (Israel) : gṇaʔ- "to cross"

Additional forms : Also Kui gṛāpa (gṛāt-) to cross, cross over, ford, pass by; n. act of crossing, fording, passing by; ḍṛāpa (ḍṛāt-) to step over, overflow; n. step, still, threshold; Kuwi_Isr gṇap- to take across; kaṭu time (suitable period)

Notes : Most of the forms point to a vocalic auslaut of the base plus -p-. However, Kui gṛāsa and Kuwi_F grāncali only can be traced back to *gṛāc- and *gṛānc- correspondingly; a reconstruction like *gṛānc- with loss of nasal in Kui would be possible, although it is hard to prove because of the uniqueness of the case. The initial combination is reconstructed as *gṇ-; however, in Kui gṛ- is the only example of such a combination which is, moreover, probably misspelled for gr-. But Kuwi data makes it clear the second consonant is retroflex, and external data confirm its exact character. The initial cluster ḍṛ- is extremely rare as well, occurring only in a single expressive lexeme (in a few others it's a variant of ḍr-); therefore, the semantical differentiation between gṛāpa and ḍṛāpa is either secondary or invented by Whinfield. As for differences between gr- and ḍr-, my observations are as follows: PK *gṛ- (where -ṛ- < PDR *-ṛ-) > Kui gr-, but PK *gḍ- (where -ḍ- < PDR *-ṭ-) > Kui ḍr-. Kuwi_Isr gṇap- is probably a secondary causative (or the differentiation is secondary; remember the original causative -p- is often preserved in Kuwi_Isr after vocalic auslauts of the base), and kaṭu is borrowed from some SDR language.

Number in DED : 1109

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *kaṭ-

Meaning : to cross

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : kaṭṭnā "to cross, pass over or above, overtake and go beyond, out-distance, surpass, go to excess"

Malto : kaṭe "to exceed, pass, cross"

Additional forms : Also KUR kaṛtaʔānā, kaṭtaʔānā to take across; pass over, skip over; MLT kaṭtre to pass, spend time; help across; kaṭp exceedingly, much, very.

Number in DED : 1109

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : xarr-ing

Meaning : to proceed on foot, make one's way

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 1109

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *katǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to come near, to join, to gather

Russian meaning: подходить ближе, соединять(ся)

Proto-Yupik: *katǝ-

Proto-Inupik: *katǝ-

Comments: See *kac-ru- 'to approach, to meet, to get married'.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 160, 161

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *katǝ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to come near, to overtake, to catch up 1, to gather, to append 2, to join, to gather refl. 3

Russian Meaning: подходить, догонять 1, собирать, добавлять 2, собираться 3

Sirenik: kātǝqǝ́χtǝχ 1, kātǝqáχɫǝku 'hard by, hard after, вплотную', kāɫǝku 'coming here' ger.

Chaplino: kāt-aquq, kātǝ-ɫǝq (χǝt), kā-ɫǝq (χǝt) dvn. 1

Naukan: katǝ́-tāqā, kaɫǝ́χ-tāqā 2, katǝ́mā- 3

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: katuχtǝ- 2, kaɫǝktaɣ- 'to graze'

Egegik (Peripheral): Y katuʁ- 3

Nunivak (Peripheral): katuʁ- 3, ~ katǝɣ- 'to to brush against'

Norton Sound (Peripheral): katuʁ- 3, kacǝtǝ- 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 160, 161, 154

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *katǝ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to join 1, gathered 2

Russian meaning: соединяться 1, собираться 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: katit- 1, katuma- 2

SPI Dialects: Imaq katɨma- 2

North Alaskan Inupik: katɨt- 1, kasima- 2

NAI Dialects: PH katima- 2

Western Canadian Inupik: katit- 1, katima- 2

WCI Dialects: Sig kattuji- 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: kati(t)-, katut(i)- 1, katima- 2

Greenlandic Inupik: katit-, kattut(i)- 1, katima- 2

GRI Dialects: NG katut(i)- 1

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 160, 161

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