Nostratic etymology : List with all references

Old Indian: carkarti, aor. ákārīt `to mention, praise, speak highly of'; carkr̥tí- f. `praising, glory', karkarí-, karkarī́- f. `a k. of lute', kīrtí- f. `mention, speech, report'; kārú- m. `one who sings or praises, poet'

Old Greek: karkái̯rō `erdröhnen ?' (Hom., Hsch.); kǟ́rǖk-s m. `Herold, Bote; Trompetenschnecke'

Baltic: *kerd- (-ja-) vb. tr., *kird-ī̂- vb., *kar̃d-a- c., *kard-u- adj.

Germanic: *xar-ē- vb., *xar-ō- vb., *xar-m-ia- vb.; *xrṓ-ɵ-īg-a- adj., *xrṓɵ-ia- m., *xrṓ-ɵr-a- m., *xrō-m-a- m.

Latin: carmen, -minis n. `Lied, Rezitation' (?)

Russ. meaning: кричать

References: WP I 353

Comments: Lat may be < *kanǝmen-.

piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-greek,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-comment,

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Baltic etymology :

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Proto-Baltic: *kerd- (-ja-) vb. tr., *kird-ī̂- vb., *kar̃d-a- c., *kard-u- adj.

Meaning: shout

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Old Lithuanian: ap-kerdžiu 'ich verjünde',

Lithuanian: kar̃da-s 'Widerhall, Echo', kardù- 'tönend, widerhallend', kardìnti-s 'sich bemerkbar machen, von sich hören lassen'

Old Prussian: kirdīt 'hören'

baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-olith,baltet-lith,baltet-oprus,

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Germanic etymology :

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Proto-Germanic: *xarēn-, *xarōn- vb., *xarmian- vb.; *xrṓɵīga-, *xrṓɵia-z, *xrṓɵra-z, *xrōma-z

Meaning: commend, praise

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *hrōɵīg-s (a) `triumphant'

Old Norse: herma wk. `melden, erzählen; nachahmen'; hrōδ-r m. `Ruhm; Lobgedicht'; hrōsa wk. `loben'

Norwegian: herma vb.; rosa vb.

Old Swedish: rosa vb.

Swedish: härma vb.

Danish: herme `nachahmen'; rose vb.

Old English: hyrian `eifern, nachahmen'; hrōɵor m. `Trost, Freude', hrȫɵ `Ruhm', hrȫmig

East Frisian: nā-hiri `nachahmen'

Old Saxon: hrōm m.; hrōth `Ruhm', Hrōthsvīth PN

Middle Dutch: roem m., n. `roem, heerlijkheid, eer'

Dutch: roem m.

Middle Low German: rōm

Old High German: (h)ruod- in Rüdiger, Rudolf, Ruprecht; (h)ruom (8.Jh.) `Lob, Ehre, Prahlerei'; harēn `rufen', ant-harōn `nachahmen'

Middle High German: ruom, ruon st. m. 'lob, lobpreisund, ruhm, ehre'

German: Ruhm m.

germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oswed,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-eastfris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 846

Root: kar-2, karǝ-

English meaning: to praise, glorify

German meaning: `laut preisen, rühmen'

General comments: auch (noch) allgemeinere Schallwurzel wie viele andere, die Verbindung von k und r enthaltende Wurzeln

Derivatives: kāru- `Sänger'

Material: Ai. carkarti `erwähnt rühmend' (Aor. ákārīt), carkr̥tí- `Ruhm, Preis', karkarí-, karkarī́ `eineArt Laute', kīrtí- f. `Ruhm, Kunde' (danach mit ī auch kīrí-, kīrín- `Sänger'); kārú- `Sänger, Dichter' (: κήρυξ);

gr. καρκαίρω `erdröhne', κήρῡξ, dor. κά̄ρῡξ `Herold';

anord. herma (*harmjan) `berichten, melden', hrōðr m. `Ruhm, Lob', ags. hrōðor m. `Freude', hrēð (*hrōþi-) `Ruhm', ahd. (h)rōd-, (h)ruod- ds. (in EN), got. hrōþeigs `ruhmreich', anord. hrōsa `rühmen' (*hrōþ-s-ōn); ahd. (h)ruom, as. hrōm `Ruhm, Lob, Ehre', dazu ags. brēme `berühmt' (*bihrōmi-);

vielleicht als b-Erweiterung: got. hrōps `Geschrei', ahd. ruof `Ruf', as. ags. hrōpan, ahd. (h)ruofan `rufen, schreien', ahd. (h)ruoft, mhd. gerüefte, geruofte n. `Ruf, Schrei', mnd. ruchte, rochte n. `Ruf, Schrei, Gerücht', nhd. (aus dem Ndd.) Gerücht;

lit. kar̃das `Echo', alit. ap-kerdžiu `ich verkünde', apr. kirdīt `hören'.

References: WP. I 353 f.

Pages: 530-531

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *k`ēro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to shout, speak

Russian meaning: кричать, говорить

Turkic: *Kạrga-

Mongolian: *kara/ija-

Tungus-Manchu: *xērī-

Japanese: *kátár-

Comments: Владимирцов 201. Despite Щербак 1997, 134, the Mong. form is hardly borrowed from Turkic. Jpn. has an irregular high tone. On a possible Korean parallel see under *k`i̯ăli.

altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *Kạrga-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to swear, curse

Russian meaning: ругать, проклинать

Old Turkic: qarɣan- (recipr.) (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qarɣa-, qɨrɣa- (MK, KB)

Tatar: qarɣa-

Middle Turkic: qarɣa- (Qutb, Abush.)

Uzbek: qɛrɣɛ-

Uighur: qa(r)ɣa-

Turkmen: GarGa-

Khakassian: xarɣa-

Oyrat: qarɣa-

Chuvash: xъrrъn (Adv.) 'angrily'

Yakut: kɨrā-

Dolgan: kɨrā-

Tuva: qarɣa-

Tofalar: qarɣa-

Kirghiz: qarɣa-

Kazakh: qarɣa-

Noghai: qarɣa-

Bashkir: qarɣa-

Karakalpak: qarɣa-

Kumyk: qarɣa-

Comments: EDT 655, VEWT 237, ЭСТЯ 5, 304-305, Stachowski 169.

turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,

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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *kara/ija-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to curse

Russian meaning: ругать

Written Mongolian: qarija- (L 938), qaraɣa-

Khalkha: xarā-

Buriat: xarā-

Kalmuck: xarā- (КРС)

Ordos: xarā-

Dongxian: qara-

Baoan: χǝra-

Dagur: xarā-, karā- (Тод. Даг. 174); harā- (MD 156)

Monguor: xarā- (SM 159)

Comments: MGCD 330.

monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-mgr,monget-reference,

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Tungus etymology :

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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xērī-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to shout, call

Russian meaning: кричать, звать

Evenki: ērī-

Even: ēri-

Negidal: ējī-

Jurchen: xeRse-be 'language' (762)

Ulcha: xēr-si-

Nanai: xēr-si-

Solon: ērī-

Comments: ТМС 2, 464.

tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-chu,tunget-ulc,tunget-nan,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,

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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *kátár-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to speak, tell

Russian meaning: говорить, рассказывать

Old Japanese: katar-

Middle Japanese: kátár-

Tokyo: kàtar-

Kyoto: kátár-

Kagoshima: katár-

Comments: JLTT 705.

japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,

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Uralic etymology :

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Number: 291

Proto: *kerä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to ask

German meaning: bitten

Finnish: kerää- 'sammeln', kerjää- 'betteln' ( > Saam. N gærjedi- 'beg, ask alms', L kierjēti- 'betteln')

Estonian: kerja- 'betteln'

Udmurt (Votyak): kur- (S) 'bitten, flehen', kural- 'freien, Freiwerber sein', kurị̑- (G) 'bitten, verlangen'

Komi (Zyrian): kor- (S P) 'bitten, betteln; rufen, einladen', koraś-, kora^.ś- (SP P) 'freien, werben', ko^.r- (PO) 'bitten, einladen, fordern'

Hungarian: kér- 'bitten, verlangen; freien'

uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-ugr,

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Kartvelian etymology :

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Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳir- / *ḳil-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: кричать

English meaning: to shout

Georgian: ḳiw-

Megrel: rḳi-

Svan: ḳīl-

Laz: m-ḳj-ap-u

Laz meaning (Rus.): шакал; ḳir-, ḳij- 'кричать'

Laz meaning (Eng.): jackal; ḳir-, ḳij- 'to shout'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 112 (*ḳi-), EWK 201-202 (*ḳiw-). См. разбор в ОСНЯ 1, 324 (груз. ḳiw- под влиянием q̇iw- q.v.). Основа (ibid.) сопоставляется с урал. *kerjä 'просить', драв. *kīr_- 'кричать, звать', ТМ *xēri- 'звать' < ностр. *ḳerjä (ПИЕ *ker- 'кричать' считается нерегулярным).

kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-sva,kartet-laz,kartet-lzmean,kartet-elzmean,kartet-notes,

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *kēr-

Meaning : to shout; to crow

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Telugu : *kēr-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kēr-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ker-

Proto-North Dravidian : *qer-q-

dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-ndr,

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Telugu etymology :

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Proto-Telugu : *kēr-

Meaning : to cry out, be jubilant

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kēru

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : ceralu "to be in great glee, be jubilant; n. jubilation"

Additional forms : Also keralu to cry out from alarm

Number in DED : 1960

telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-tel_kr,telet-addition,telet-dednum,

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Kolami-Gadba etymology :

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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kēr-

Meaning : to shout

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : kēri "noise, shout"

Naikri : kerkiṛ- (kerkiṭṭ-)

Number in DED : 1960

kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-naikri,kogaet-dednum,

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Gondwan etymology :

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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ker-

Meaning : to crow

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : kere- (-t-)

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *Ker-ŋ-

gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-kon,gndet-kui,

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Konda etymology :

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Konda : kere- (-t-)

Meaning: (cock) to crow

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 1960

konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,

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Kui-Kuwi etymology :

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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *Ker-ŋ-

Meaning : to groan, moan; n. groaning, moaning

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : gernga (gerngi-), grenga (grengi-)

Additional forms : Also Kui grēnja (grēnji-) to groan, moan, gasp with pain; n. groaning, moaning

Notes : The initial consonant is *k-, as shown by external data, voiced before a combination of resonants.

Number in DED : 1960

kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-addition,kuiet-notes,kuiet-dednum,

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North Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-North-Dravidian : *qer-q-

Meaning : to sound

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Malto : qerg̣e

Number in DED : 1960

ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-mlt,ndret-dednum,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : to call

Eurasiatic : *ḳErV

Afroasiatic : *ḳVrVʔ- (Sem., Berb.)

Sino-Caucasian : *qwVrV́ (or *xqV́rV 'song')

Reference : МССНЯ 342.

globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-reference,

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Afroasiatic etymology :

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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fiwaḥ-

Meaning: blow, smell, breathe

Semitic: *pVwVḥ- ~ *pVḥḥ- 'breathe, blow, spread (smell)'

Western Chadic: *fayVḥ- 'blow' 1, 'smell (intrans.)' 2

Central Chadic: *ʔi-fiyaH- 'smell (intrans.)'

East Chadic: *pwaH- < *pVwaH- 'blow'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fi/ahw- 'to blow' 1, 'breathe' 2, 'take rest' 3, 'breath, soul' 4

South Cushitic: *faḥ- 'blow'

Notes: Cf. *fiwaḫ- 'blow, breathe'; *fu(h/wV)ḳ- 'breathe (heavily)'. Cf. HSED 813, 814.

afaset-meaning,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-agw,afaset-scu,afaset-notes,

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Semitic etymology :

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Number: 1169

Proto-Semitic: *pVwVḥ- ~ *pVḥḥ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: to breath, blow, spread (smell)

Hebrew: pwḥ 'to breathe; wheeze against' [KB 916-17], ypḥ (hitp) 'to gasp for breath, groan' [ibid. 424]; PB paḥ 'blowing', pǝḥī 'blowing out, expiration' [Ja 1151]

Judaic Aramaic: pwḥ 'to blow, evaporate' [Ja 1140].

Cf. pǝḥē, pǝḥā 'to open mouth' [ibid. 1152]

Syrian Aramaic: pāḥ 'flavit, spiravit; respiravit, quievit; fragravit (odor)' [Brock 559]

Arabic: fḥḥ 'siffler (se dit des serpents); siffler en dormant (se dit d'un homme)' [BK 2 547]; fwḥ 'répandre parfum (se dit d'un arôme)', II 'exhaler (une odeur)' [ibid. 644]

Tigre: fǝḥot 'smell, stench' [LH 654]

Notes: Since in ARB, the only language in this entry distinguishing between ḥ and ḫ, examples with both are represented, it is impossible to chose between these two consonants in the reconstructed form.

Note various ways of triconsonantizing (insertion of medial -w-, doubling of the second radical, etc.).

[KB 916-7]: HBR, ARM, ARB (fwḥ, fyḥ, fwh_, fh_h_); [Brock 559]: SYR, HBR, ARB (fwh_)

semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-jud,semet-syr,semet-ara,semet-tgr,semet-notes,

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West Chadic etymology :

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Proto-WChadic: *fayVḥ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'blow' 1, 'smell (intrans.)' 2

Angas: fwēp 2

Pero: púyò 1 [FrP]

Warji: fày- 1 [SkNb]

Kariya: fày- 1 [SkNb]

Miya: fay- 1 [SkNb]

Mburku: fày- 1 [SkNb]

Bokos: fuʔ 1 [JgR]

Sha: fyáḥ 1 [JgR]

Daffo-Butura: fũʔ 1 [JgR]

Ngizim: fiyǝ 1 [ShN]

wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-ang,wchet-per,wchet-wrj,wchet-kry,wchet-miy,wchet-mbu,wchet-bks,wchet-sha,wchet-dfb,wchet-ngz,

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Central Chadic etymology :

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Proto-CChadic: *ʔi-fiyaH-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'smell (intrans.)'

Logone: ʔìfíyàʔà [By]

cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-log,

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East Chadic etymology :

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Proto-EChadic: *PuH-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'blow'

Tumak: pò [Cp]

echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-tum,

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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

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Proto-Agaw: *fi/ahw-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'blow' 1, 'breathe' 2, 'take rest' 3, 'breath, soul' 4

Khamir: faw 3, faû-t 2 Rein

Qwara: fīhŭ, fīû 1, 3 Rein

Qemant: fīw 2, fiwā 4 Con Ros

agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-xmr,agwet-kwr,agwet-kem,

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South Cushitic etymology :

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Proto-South Cushitic: *faḥ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'blow'

Alagwa (Wasi): faḥ-

scuet-prnum,scuet-meaning,scuet-alg,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *qwVrV́ (?)

Meaning: to ask

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *HreqwĂ(r)

Yenisseian: *t-VχV

Burushaski: *-ɣárVs-

sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *HreqwĂ(r)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ask

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q(ʷ)ar- ( ~ -o-)

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔerχʷa

Notes: An Av.-And.-Lezg. isogloss (the root should be distinguished from *=īχwA 'to ask, search').

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *q(ʷ)ar- ( ~ -o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ask, pray

Avar: har-

Akhvakh: qor-

Chamalal: χa-d-

Tindi: χē-

Karata: χā-

Comments: Cf. also Kar. Anch. χar-, Tok. hal- 'to ask', Tind. (with reduplication) χuχā- 'to ask strongly', χaχ- 'to beg'.

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔerχʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to ask 2 to read

Tabasaran: h-erχ- 1

Agul: ruχ- 2

Comment: Cf. also Ag. Bursh. ruχa- 'to read' (a secondary merger with ruχa- 'to wail, howl' < PL *raχa-), harχʷa- 'to ask', Tp. (Shaum.) χur- 'to read'.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-comment,

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Yenisseian etymology :

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Proto-Yenisseian: *t-VχV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ask

Ket: ti-v-íj (t...ij)

Yug: ti-bet́, t...iʔ

Kottish: thax, thag 'asking', thōjaŋ 'I ask', praet. thōlajaŋ

Comments: Werner 2, 266 <*t^h-eg / *eg>.

yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,

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Burushaski etymology :

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Common Burushaski: *-ɣarVs-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: to ask

Yasin: -ɣáres-

Hunza: -ɣárus-

Nagar: -ɣárus-

buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,

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