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Burushaski etymology :

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Common Burushaski: *baɣéiŋ
Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology
Meaning: dung (of cows, horses)
Hunza: baɣéiŋ
Nagar: baɣéiŋ
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bʕṓqwV
Meaning: dirt, dung
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
North Caucasian: *bʕōq_wV
Sino-Tibetan: *phāk ( ~ -ɔ̄k)
Yenisseian: *poʔq
Burushaski: *baɣéiŋ
Comments and references : From NC cf. alternatively *pHulq̇ɨ̆ 915 (see HGC 26).
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *bʕōq_wV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: dirt, faeces
Proto-Nakh: *bʕēχu-
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q:ubV-
Proto-Lezghian: *p:oq(a)
Notes: An expressive root, reconstructed for the PEC level. (with some metatheses and aberrations: in PN we would rather expect -q-).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *bʕēχu-
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: dirty
Chechen: bȫχa
Ingush: bʕeχa
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *q:ubV-
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: dirty
Avar: q:úba-
Andian language: q:ubi
Chamalal: q:ubu-
Tindi: q:ū-
Karata: q:ubo-
Comments: Av. > Inkh. quba-, Gin. qubaw.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-and,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *p:oq(a)
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 faeces 2 cow's dung
Lezghian: p:ɨχ (Khl.) 1
Rutul: bɨq (Khniukh.) 2
Kryz: bɨq (Al.) 1
Comment: In Lezg. -q > -χ (but cf. erg. p:q:á-di, pl. p:q:a-r). Irregular expressive reflexes of the same root are probably Arch. (with metathesis and abnormal consonant reflexes) qip 'faeces', qup-un 'dried snot in nose', Rut. (Luch.) paq "bear's dung".
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-rut,lezget-krz,lezget-comment,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *phāk
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: dirt, dregs
Chinese: *phāk dregs.
Tibetan: sbag (p. sbags, i. sbogs) to soil, stain, pollute, ãbag (p. ãbogs, f. dbag) to defile, to pollute oneself, ãbogs (p. phog, f. dbog, dbag, i. phog) to blot, stain, pollute.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,

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Chinese characters :

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Character:
Modern (Beijing) reading: pò
Preclassic Old Chinese: phrāk
Classic Old Chinese: phrāk
Western Han Chinese: phrāk
Eastern Han Chinese: phrāk
Early Postclassic Chinese: phẹ̄k
Middle Postclassic Chinese: phẹ̄k
Late Postclassic Chinese: phẹ̄k
Middle Chinese: phạ̈ik
English meaning : (wine) residue [Tang]
Russian meaning[s]: 糟粕 1) винный осадок, барда; 2) дрянь, отбросы
Comments: The word is attested only in conjunction with 糟 zāo 'wine', and only since Tang. Viet. bã is not a regular reflex.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology
Radical: 119
Four-angle index: 1636
Karlgren code: 0782 p
Vietnamese reading: bã
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,

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Yenisseian etymology :

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Proto-Yenisseian: *poʔq
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: excrements
Ket: hɔʔq
Yug: fɔʔx / fɔʔq; fɔgej5,6 "to defecate"
Kottish: fago, phago "dirt"; faguākŋ "to defecate"; fōk, fōx, phōk(g), pl. fōgan, fōkan "dirt, dung"; fogar, phogar "podex"
Comments: ССЕ 251. Werner 1, 327 <*phoq / *phoʔq>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : PVKV
Meaning : dust, dirt
Eurasiatic : *böḳa
Afroasiatic : *buḳ- (also *bubuk earth, dust)
Sino-Caucasian : *bʕṓqwV
Austric : PAN *apuk 'dust', *la(m)bug 'turbid', PAA *bʔok 'rotten'
Amerind (misc.) : *pok 'ashes' (R 25) [+ A]
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *böḳa
Meaning: dirt
Borean: Borean
Altaic: *bi̯ŏ́k`à(rV) ( ~ *p-)
Uralic: *pEkV 'mould'
Dravidian: *bug-i
Comments: For the Ur. word cf. alternatively: PA *p`ĕk`V 'acid, astringent' or *begV 'a k. of ferment'.
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-notes,

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏ́k`à(rV) ( ~ *p-)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: dirt, patina
Russian meaning: грязь, налет
Turkic: *bakɨr
Mongolian: *boki(r)
Japanese: *pǝ́kǝ́rí
Comments: Лексика 406. Jpn. *-ǝ- in the first syllable is irregular, due to assimilation or bad compatibility of *a (which would be expected) and *ǝ.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-jap,altet-reference,

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *bakɨr
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: 1 copper 2 patina
Russian meaning: 1 медь 2 налет, патина
Old Turkic: baqɨr 1 (Yen., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: baqɨr 1 (MK, KB)
Turkish: bakɨr 1
Tatar: baqɨr 1
Middle Turkic: baqɨr (MA, Pav. C.) 1
Uzbek: baqir, paqir 1
Uighur: paqir 1
Sary-Yughur: paqɨr 1
Azerbaidzhan: paxɨr 2
Turkmen: baqɨr 1
Khakassian: pāɣǝr (Kyz., Joki) 1
Oyrat: baqras 'brass kettle'
Chuvash: pъʷgъʷr 1
Yakut: baɣaraχ 'pot for boiling milk'
Kirghiz: baqɨr 1
Kazakh: baqɨr 1
Noghai: baqɨr 1
Bashkir: baqɨr 1
Balkar: baɣɨr 1
Gagauz: baqɨr 1
Karaim: baɣɨr 1
Karakalpak: baqɨr 1
Kumyk: baɣɨr 1
Comments: EDT 317, VEWT 58, ЭСТЯ 2, 45-46, Лексика 405-406. Turk. > WMong. baqar, baqur (Kalm. baχr), see KW 29, Щербак 1997, 104. Turk. > Russ. Siber. bakírka (Аникин 111-112).
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,

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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *boki(r)
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: 1 taint, patina; chewing gum 2 dirty
Russian meaning: 1 налет, патина; жвачка 2 грязный
Written Mongolian: boki 1, bokir 2 (L 114)
Khalkha: box́ 1, boxir 2
Ordos: boki 1
Monguor: boGodi (: dege ~) 'clopin-clopant' (SM 27)
Comments: Mong. > Evk. boki, see Doerfer MT 125.
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-ord,monget-mgr,monget-reference,

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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *pǝ́kǝ́rí
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: dust
Russian meaning: пыль
Middle Japanese: fokori
Tokyo: hòkori
Kyoto: hókórí
Kagoshima: hokóri
Comments: JLTT 414.
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,

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Uralic etymology :

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Number: 1535
Proto: *pEkV
> Nostratic: > Nostratic
English meaning: mould
German meaning: Schimmel, Kahm
Mari (Cheremis): pǝ̑kna- (C), pükna- (M) 'schimmeln (Brot, Leder, Wand usw.)' ?
Udmurt (Votyak): (paki̮- 'вонять, дурно пахнуть', pi̮kmi̮- 'стать затхлым' - rejected by Redei)
Komi (Zyrian): bak (S PO), bag (P PO), buk (Ud.) 'Schimmel, Kahm' ?
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mar,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *bug-i
Meaning : dust
Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Proto-Telugu : *bugg-i
Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *bugg-i
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,

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Telugu etymology :

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Proto-Telugu : *bugg-i
Meaning : ashes, dust
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Telugu : buggi
Number in DED : 4243
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-dednum,

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Kolami-Gadba etymology :

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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *bugg-i
Meaning : ashes, earth
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Kinwat Kolami : buggi "ashes"
Salur Gadba : buggi "earth"
Number in DED : 4243
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kol_kin,kogaet-salur,kogaet-dednum,

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Afroasiatic etymology :

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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buḳ-
Meaning: rot, be rotten
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Semitic: *bVḳ- 'rot'
Western Chadic: *ḅwak- < *bwaḳ- 'suppurate, fester' 1, 'rot' 2
Central Chadic: *buk- 'decay'
High East Cushitic: *buḳ- 'rot'
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-hec,

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Semitic etymology :

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Number: 1743
Proto-Semitic: *bVḳ-
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: 'rot'
Hebrew: bqq
Aramaic: bqq
Mandaic Aramaic: baq
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-arm,semet-mnd,

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West Chadic etymology :

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Proto-WChadic: *ḅwak- < *bwaḳ-
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: 'suppurate, fester' 1, 'rot' 2
Sura: ḅwak 1 [JgS]
Boghom: ḅũuk 2 [Cs]
Notes: Shift of emphatization. OS. can't add: CCh Bura buka 'decay' [Ann]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-sur,wchet-bgh,wchet-notes,

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Central Chadic etymology :

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Proto-CChadic: *buk-
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: 'decay'
Bura: buka [Ann]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-bur,

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High East Cushitic etymology :

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Proto-High East Cushitic: *buḳ-
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: 'rot'
Burji (Bambala, Dashe): buuḳ-
hecet-prnum,hecet-meaning,hecet-bmb,

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Austric etymology :

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Proto-Austric: *ʔpuk
Meaning: rotten
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Proto-Austroasiatic: *bʔok
Austroasiatic meaning: rotten
Proto-Austronesian: [*buRuk, *busuk, *buyu'k] cf. also *la(m)bug 'turbid', *apuk dust
Austronesian meaning: rotten
Austronesian code: 5:182; 5:188; 5:216
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-ancode,

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Austro-Asiatic etymology :

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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *bʔok
Meaning: rotten
Austric etymology: Austric etymology
Proto-Katuic: *bʔok / *bʔuk
Proto-Bahnaric: SB *bɔk
Khmer: buk < OK wuk, wwak
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,

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Katuic etymology :

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Proto-Katuic: *bʔok / *bʔuk
Meaning: decayed, rotten (of wood)
Presyllable: ʔǝ-
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Proto-West Katuic: *bʔ[o]k
Proto-East Katuic: *bʔuk
References: P-711; TK15.120
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,

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West Katuic etymology :

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Proto-West Katuic: *bʔ[o]k
Meaning: decayed, rotten (of wood)
Presyllable: ʔǝ-
Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology
Bru Van Keu: ʔabok
Bru Van Keu meaning: floated, rotten
Bru: ʔǝbʌwʔ.N V?
Bru meaning: rotten; rǝmbuaʔ.N a hole which is caused by rotten wood on top of a stalk of stump
Kui: phoʔ.N I?
Kui meaning: to be decayed, rotten (wood, book, cloth, etc)
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-vkv,wkatet-vkvme,wkatet-bru,wkatet-brume,wkatet-kui,wkatet-kuime,

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East Katuic etymology :

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Proto-East Katuic: *bʔuk
Meaning: decayed, rotten (of wood)
Presyllable: ʔǝ- / #
Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology
Pakoh: ʔǝbuk
Pakoh meaning: rot - of tree, wood, cloth
Ngeq: buk
Ngeq meaning: rotten
Kri: mbuk, ʔambuk
Chatong: buk
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-nge,ekatet-ngeme,ekatet-kr,ekatet-ct,

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Bahnar etymology :

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Proto-Bahnaric: *Bɔ̆k
Meaning: mud
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Proto-South Bahnaric: *bɔk
Cua: wuk
References: SBS-496
banet-meaning,banet-prnum,banet-sob,banet-cua,banet-refer,

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South Bahnaric etymology :

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Proto-South Bahnaric: *bɔk
Meaning: mud
Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology
Chrau form: bɔʔ
Chrau meaning: mud
Stieng form: bɔk
Stieng meaning: mud
References: SBS-496
sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-chr,sobet-chrme,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,

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Khmer etymology :

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Khmer: buk
Meaning: be rotten; bruk to decay
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Old Khmer: wuk, wwak
Old Khmer Meaning: crumbling, decayed
References: P453, JP196
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,

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Pearic etymology :

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Proto-Pearic: *puk.N
Meaning: spoiled, rotten
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Chong: puk.A
Chong meaning: spoiled, rotten
Song: puk.A
Song meaning: spoiled, rotten
Kasong: puk.A
Kasong meaning: spoiled, rotten
Samre: puk.A
Samre meaning: spoiled, rotten
pearet-meaning,pearet-prnum,pearet-chng,pearet-chngme,pearet-song,pearet-songme,pearet-kas,pearet-kasme,pearet-smr,pearet-smrme,

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Viet-Muong etymology :

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Proto-Viet-Muong:
Meaning: mould
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Vietnamese: mốc
Vietnamese meaning: mould
Muong dialect: mok.3 Loan
Proto-Ruc: *po:k.3
Ruc (Russian field rec.): pok-po:k.3
Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): po:k.3 po:k.3
Ruc meaning: mould
Thavung-So: tabu:k.C.1
Thavung-So meaning: mud
References: NVL150
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-vietme,vimet-anng,vimet-prru,vimet-rucr,vimet-rucl,vimet-rucme,vimet-so,vimet-some,vimet-bib,

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