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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ǟtwV
Meaning: to beat, dig
Comments and references : In PST cf. also *dhǝw `to stick into, hurt'. [Cf. *=ĭṭV, *=āṭwV, *=adV].
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=ǟtwV
Meaning: to beat, to hit
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The root is preserved in most languages, but sometimes with a modified meaning (notably in Aand-Tsez.: 'to throw (oneself upon) > to fly'). Cf. also Urart. at- 'to destroy' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 24).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʔāt-
Meaning: to crush, pound
Chechen: āt-
Ingush: āt-
Batsbi: at-
Comments: With Ablaut and the preverb *l- cf. also PN *l-ēt- 'to fight' (Chech. lēt-, Ing. let-, Bacb. let-).
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=itʷ-
Meaning: 1 to fly 2 to run 3 to fall; to rush upon
Avar: =ort- 3
Akhvakh: =et- 2
Chamalal: =et- 1
Tindi: =etʷ- 1
Karata: ertan- 1
Comments: In Av. and Kar. there is an infixed -r- (old durative); origins of the -n-conjugation in Kar. are unclear. The original meaning was probably 'to beat, attack' > 'rush upon' > 'fly' (cf. the external evidence).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *=etʷ- A
Meaning: to fly
Khvarshi: =etʷ-
Inkhokvari: =etʷ-
Comments: PTsKh *=etʷ- (may be borrowed from Andian).
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: =u=ta-
Meaning: to throw, to pound, to chop
Lak form: =u=ta-n
Comments: G. pr. =u=tu-n. Cf. Khosr. =u=ta-n id., and also the durative ta-la-n 'to fight'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=it-
Meaning: to beat
Akusha: =it-es
Chiragh: =it-
Comments: Cf. also Ur. =it- 'to beat'.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔätʷa- / *ʔatʷa-
Meaning: 1 to beat 2 to smear 3 to crush
Lezghian: g-ata- 1
Tabasaran: k-at- 2
Agul: uta- 1 (Bursh.)
Rutul: =äta- 1
Tsakhur: g-e=ta- 1
Kryz: =ät- 1
Budukh: at- 1
Archi: =āta- 3
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. pret. g-ata-na, Tab. Düb. j-at- 'beat', k-at- 'touch' ( > 'smear' in literary Tab.), Ag. Tp. ata-s 'beat', Bud. q:-ut- 'to hit (repeatedly)', Rut. k-ä=ta- 'to touch' ( = Tab. k-at-), s-ä=ta= 'to throw'. Labialisation of PL *-tʷ- is suggested by the Arch. durative form =artu-r. Not clear are the reasons for *a/ä vowel alternation. The verb belongs to the weak conjugation in PL. See Лексика 1971, 244.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: it-
North Caucasian etymology: 404
Meaning: to chop (wood)
Khinalug form: it-q̇ʷi
Comments: Cf. also itir-kʷi 'to hit'.
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,khinet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *thuH (~-iwH)
Meaning: dig
Burmese: tuh dig, LB *tux.
Kachin: thu2 to dig.
Lushai: tuʔ hoe (LS), KC *tuʔ.
Comments: Dimasa -du; Namsangia thu-; Rawang du; Trung du2. Sh. 48, 404, 427; Ben. 62; Mat. 180. Cf. *tīw(H) 'carve' (the roots may be related). stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *dhǝ́
Meaning: dig
Sunwar: 'do-ca
Tulung: da-, dha-
Kaling: dhönä (dhɔŋɔ) dig, carve (a figure, design)
Comments: Toba 89 *dhö-.
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-dum,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: tɔ:maʔ, -tɔy-/-tɔ:-
Grammar: vt.
Meaning: dig up
Comments: khe: tɔyuN I dig up white yam.
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,limet-comments,
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Dumi dictionary :
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Entry: dhunɨ
Grammar: vt-6a dha-dhuy/dhu-dhɨ-dho
Meaning: (only with third singular patient agreement) dig (e.g. a hole)
Nepali: khannu
dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-nepali,dumet-comments,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: dɔma
Grammar: vt-8 [1: dɔi- 2: dɔ- 3: dǝi- 4: dǝ- 5: dui- 6: du- 7: da- 8: dɔk-]
Meaning: dig
Nepali: khannu.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: to:ma
Stem: <to:s- ; to:->
Grammar: v.intr. & v.tr.
Meaning: to dig, to dig up, to dig a deep hole.
Nepali: khannu
yamet-prnum,yamet-stem,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-nepali,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVWV
Meaning : to dig, hole
globet-meaning,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hut-
Meaning: dig
afaset-meaning,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: htht
Meaning: 'dig' (BD)
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *Hat-
Meaning: 'dig out'
Dera=Kanakuru: átè [NmK]
Bokos: fos 2 [JgR]
Sha: fos 2 [JgR]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-der,wchet-bks,wchet-sha,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *hwat-
Meaning: 'dig' 1, 'hoeing' 2
Mofu-Gudur: -hwáhut- 1[BMof]
Gude: hwátǝ́-hwátá 2 [Hs]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-mof,cchet-gde,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *tVw
Meaning: hole
Proto-Austroasiatic: *tǝw Austroasiatic meaning: hole
Proto-Austronesian: *bi'tu (also *pin[t]u' door)
Austronesian meaning: hole, cavern, pitfall
Austronesian code: 4:64
Proto-Thai: tao.A
Thai meaning: hole in the ground for cooking; cf. also TP *tuA door
References: Ben 273, Peiros 1998, 94, 97 (AN-Tai 'door')
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-ancode,austr-tai,austr-taime,austr-bibl,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *tǝw
Meaning: hole
Thai: tao.A hole in the ground for cooking CK
Proto-Bahnaric: CHR ntu
Proto-Khmu: *tuʔ
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,aaet-pawa,aaet-kmu,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: rǝṇtaw
Meaning: hole, groove, small cave
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,
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Palaung-Wa etymology :
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Proto-Palaung-Wa: *taɨʔ
Meaning: hole
Riang: tuʔ.1
Riang meaning: hole, pit
Lamet: tu:ʔ.1 LmD
pawaet-meaning,pawaet-prnum,pawaet-prwa,pawaet-prpl,pawaet-prde,pawaet-riang,pawaet-rimeam,pawaet-pran,pawaet-lamet,
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Wa etymology :
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Proto-Wa: *taɨʔ, S-
Meaning: hole
Paraok: daɨʔ
Paraok meaning: hole, eye; inside
Wa: tauʔ
Wa meaning: hole
Ava: taiʔ, ka-
Lawa: toʔ
Lawa meaning: hole, opening
Um: toʔ
Wa (dial.): tǝʔ.1
Wa (dial.) meaning: cave
References: D-101: *kntɨʔ; P-13: *kɔtaʔ.1
prwaet-meaning,prwaet-prnum,prwaet-praok,prwaet-praokme,prwaet-meng,prwaet-mengme,prwaet-mas,prwaet-lawa,prwaet-lawame,prwaet-um,prwaet-gs,prwaet-gsme,prwaet-bib,
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Plang etymology :
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Proto-Plang: *taɨʔ
Meaning: cave, hole
Bulang: tɨʔ.1
Bulang meaning: cave
Konto: taʔ.B.1, kɔ-
Konto meaning: hole
Samtao (Paulsen): tǝʔ.1
Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: hole
Samtao (Diffloth): tɨʔ, k-
Samtao (Diffloth) meaning: hole
References: P-13: *kɔtaʔ.1
prplet-meaning,prplet-prnum,prplet-mane,prplet-manme,prplet-kont,prplet-kontme,prplet-sap,prplet-sapme,prplet-sad,prplet-sadme,prplet-bib,
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De'ang etymology :
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Proto-De'ang: *da:u
Meaning: cave
De'ang: YN: kǝta:u so:r
De'ang-1: kada:u
De'ang-2: katɛ:u.2
prdeet-meaning,prdeet-prnum,prdeet-dea,prdeet-dea1,prdeet-dea3,
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Angku etymology :
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Proto-Angku: *tu:, N-
Meaning: hole
Pangpin: dhu.51
Shuangdiang: dhu.51
Gantang: thu.31
Mang'an: nthu.51
U: nthu.1
Huq: thu.33 mal.55
Notes: or *tuʔ, N- if T of VIII is wrong
pranet-meaning,pranet-prnum,pranet-phu,pranet-shj,pranet-ph2,pranet-mnn,pranet-u,pranet-huq,pranet-note,
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