Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *sǝ̄́nŏ

Meaning: long bone, claw

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *s_ɨ̄nŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Sino-Tibetan: *sen ( ~ *siǝn)

Burushaski: *-sV́sVn

Basque: *san-ko

Comments and references : WFR 56, MCGD 11.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *s_ɨ̄nŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: long bone

Proto-Nakh: *sān

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *sVnV

Proto-Tsezian: *s(:)ɨnu ( ~ z-)

Proto-Lak: s:an

Proto-Lezghian: *s:ɨn

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The original meaning was probably 'long (curved) bone', with later developments > 'long bone, spine'; 'curve, angle, corner' (cf. a combination of both trends in Lezghian languages). The Avar form is somewhat strange phonetically (*s:in would be regularly expected), so it may be a borrowing from some unknown early source.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *sān

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: corner, border, edge

Chechen: sa

Ingush: sa

Batsbi: -sã

Comments: Obl. base *sānV-, cf. Chech. sōna-, Ing. säno. 6th class in both languages. In Bacb. the root is preserved within the compound nʕajʔ-sã 'external door' (for the first part see *nɦeʔ 'door').

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *sVnV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: organ, part of body

Avar: san

Comments: Av. paradigm A or C (pl. sána-l).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *s(:)ɨnu ( ~ z-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pitchfork, fork

Bezhta: sino

Gunzib: sɨnu

Comments: PGB *sɨnu.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: s:an

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: foreleg, paw, pad

Lak form: s:an

Comments: Cf. also Khosr. s:an. A related stem is Khosr. s:ana 'wedge' (for the semantics cf. Cham. s:unč̣a 'foot, hoof; wedge'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *s:ɨn

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 front part of leg 2 spine 3 back 4 elbow 5 edge

Lezghian: sin 5

Tabasaran: sn-ič: (Kand.)

Rutul: sɨn 1

Tsakhur: (jɨq̇Iana) sini 2

Kryz: sini 2

Archi: s:on 3

Udi: sun 4

Comment: 3d class in Tsakh., but 4th class in Rut., Arch. and Kryz. Obl. stem *s:ɨna-, cf. Lezg. sine-, Rut. sɨ́nɨ-. The Tab. word ( < *sin-ič:) contains an expressive suffix and means 'wedge' (for the meaning cf. Lak. s:an : s:ana).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sen ( ~ *siǝn)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nail, claw

Tibetan: sen nail of a finger or toe.

Burmese: sańh nail, LB *Sinx.

Kachin: (?) lǝmjin¹; ? (H) čin.

Lushai: tin nail, claw, hoof, KC *m-tin

Kiranti: *sèn-d[ut]

Comments: PG *chìn claw, *sin nail; Kanauri tśin; Kham sèn; Khami msiŋ ~ mseŋ; Moshang yok-thin; Miri lag-śiŋ ~ lag-yin; Digaro mśi; Midzhu msen; Dhimal kur-siŋ. Sh. 448; Ben. 29. Lush. and KC t- is quite irregular: in fact, we may be dealing with another root, reflected also in Jnp. lǝthin¹ heel. A problem is presented by the form *min, reflected in Kach. lǝmjin, Karen *mVN: it can be perhaps regarded as an irregular development < *m-sin, or else represent a completely different root.

Kiranti etymology :

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-sV́sVn

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: elbow

Yasin: -sésen

Hunza: -súsun

Nagar: -súsun

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *san-ko

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 leg 2 calf (of leg) 3 foot 4 paw 5 tibia 6 heel-bone 7 stalk, stem

Bizkaian: zanko 2, 7

Gipuzkoan: zanko, zango 2, 4, 7, zankar, zangar 5, 6

High Navarrese: zango 1, zangar 5

Low Navarrese: zango 1

Salazarese: zango 1

Lapurdian: zango 1, 3, zangar 4, 5

Baztanese: zango 3, zangar 5

Zuberoan: zankho 1, 2, 7

Roncalese: zanko 2, zankar 1

Comments: Apparently < PSC *sɨ̄́nŏ + (diminutive) *-ḳV. Bouda (1948) compared Bsq zanko, zango + Lak s:an 'foreleg'. The commonly supposed derivation from Old Persian zanga ‘leg’ (REW, etc.) is historically and geographically fanciful. As can be seen, this word is deeply embedded in Bsq and apparently has a long history in the language. Vasconic > Spanish > Italian is much more plausible.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVNV

Meaning : long bone

Eurasiatic : *śVnV

Sino-Caucasian : *sɨ̄́nŏ

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *sVnV

Meaning: knee, ankle

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *sĕ̀ni

Uralic: *śänčV

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *sĕ̀ni

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: heel, ankle

Russian meaning: пятка, щиколотка

Turkic: *sinčök ( ~ -e-)

Tungus-Manchu: *seńu-

Korean: *sín

Comments: In Mong. cf. siɣaqai 'slippers' (if not < siɣa 'knuckle bone').

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *sinčök ( ~ -e-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 ankle-bone 2 shin-bone

Russian meaning: 1 лодыжка 2 голень

Turkish: sinǯik 1 (dial.)

Yakut: sünjüöx 2

Tuva: šünčük 'hip joint'

Tofalar: šüŋǯük 'hip joint'

Bashkir: sensek (dial.) 2

Comments: Дыбо 1989 (but not < Perm.).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *seńu-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 front (of footwear) 2 footwear 3 heel

Russian meaning: 1 носок (обуви) 2 обувь 3 пятка

Evenki: senteme 2, suńukī 1

Even: hönki 1

Negidal: seńočhi 3

Comments: ТМС 2, 127, 143.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sín

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: footwear

Russian meaning: обувь

Modern Korean: sin

Middle Korean: sín

Comments: Liu 498, KED 1047.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 963

Proto: *śänčV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: knee

German meaning: Knie

Khanty (Ostyak): čänč (V), čȧnč (DN), sȧs (O) 'Knie' ?

Mansi (Vogul): šänš (TJ), šɔ̄̈nš (KU), šanš (P), sāns (So.) ?

Kamass: sini, seni ?

Addenda: Koib. сыне

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